package org.hl7.fhir.r4.utils;

import ca.uhn.fhir.model.api.TemporalPrecisionEnum;
import ca.uhn.fhir.util.ElementUtil;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.NotImplementedException;
import org.fhir.ucum.Decimal;
import org.fhir.ucum.Pair;
import org.fhir.ucum.UcumException;
import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.DefinitionException;
import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.FHIRException;
import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.PathEngineException;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.conformance.ProfileUtilities;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.context.IWorkerContext;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.*;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.ElementDefinition.TypeRefComponent;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.ExpressionNode.*;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.StructureDefinition.StructureDefinitionKind;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.StructureDefinition.TypeDerivationRule;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.TypeDetails.ProfiledType;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.utils.FHIRLexer.FHIRLexerException;
import org.hl7.fhir.r4.utils.FHIRPathEngine.IEvaluationContext.FunctionDetails;
import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.TerminologyServiceOptions;
import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.*;

/*
  Copyright (c) 2011+, HL7, Inc.
  All rights reserved.
  
  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, 
  are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
    
   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this 
     list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, 
     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 
     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * Neither the name of HL7 nor the names of its contributors may be used to 
     endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific 
     prior written permission.
  
  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND 
  ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 
  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 
  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 
  INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT 
  NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR 
  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, 
  WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 
  ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 
  POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  
 */


/**
 * 
 * @author Grahame Grieve
 *
 */
public class FHIRPathEngine {
  private enum Equality { Null, True, False }

  private class FHIRConstant extends Base {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8933773658248269439L;
    private String value;

    public FHIRConstant(String value) {
      this.value = value;
    }

    @Override
    public String fhirType() {
      return "%constant";
    }

    @Override
    protected void listChildren(List<Property> result) {
    }

    @Override
    public String getIdBase() {
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setIdBase(String value) {
    }

    public String getValue() {
      return value;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String primitiveValue() {
      return value;
    }
  }
  
  private class ClassTypeInfo extends Base {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4909223114071029317L;
    private Base instance;

    public ClassTypeInfo(Base instance) {
      super();
      this.instance = instance;
    }

    @Override
    public String fhirType() {
      return "ClassInfo";
    }

    @Override
    protected void listChildren(List<Property> result) {
    }

    @Override
    public String getIdBase() {
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void setIdBase(String value) {
    }
    public Base[] getProperty(int hash, String name, boolean checkValid) throws FHIRException {
      if (name.equals("name")) 
        return new Base[]{new StringType(getName())};
      else if (name.equals("namespace")) 
        return new Base[]{new StringType(getNamespace())};
      else
        return super.getProperty(hash, name, checkValid);
    }

    private String getNamespace() {
      if ((instance instanceof Resource))
        return "FHIR";
      else if (!(instance instanceof Element) || ((Element)instance).isDisallowExtensions())
        return "System";
      else
        return "FHIR";
    }

    private String getName() {
      if ((instance instanceof Resource))
        return instance.fhirType();
      else if (!(instance instanceof Element) || ((Element)instance).isDisallowExtensions())
        return Utilities.capitalize(instance.fhirType());
      else
        return instance.fhirType();
    }
  }

  private IWorkerContext worker;
  private IEvaluationContext hostServices;
  private StringBuilder log = new StringBuilder();
  private Set<String> primitiveTypes = new HashSet<String>();
  private Map<String, StructureDefinition> allTypes = new HashMap<String, StructureDefinition>();
  private boolean legacyMode; // some R2 and R3 constraints assume that != is valid for emptty sets, so when running for R2/R3, this is set ot true  
  private TerminologyServiceOptions terminologyServiceOptions = new TerminologyServiceOptions();

  // if the fhir path expressions are allowed to use constants beyond those defined in the specification
  // the application can implement them by providing a constant resolver 
  public interface IEvaluationContext {
    public class FunctionDetails {
      private String description;
      private int minParameters;
      private int maxParameters;
      public FunctionDetails(String description, int minParameters, int maxParameters) {
        super();
        this.description = description;
        this.minParameters = minParameters;
        this.maxParameters = maxParameters;
      }
      public String getDescription() {
        return description;
      }
      public int getMinParameters() {
        return minParameters;
      }
      public int getMaxParameters() {
        return maxParameters;
      }

    }

    /**
     * A constant reference - e.g. a reference to a name that must be resolved in context.
     * The % will be removed from the constant name before this is invoked.
     * 
     * This will also be called if the host invokes the FluentPath engine with a context of null
     *  
     * @param appContext - content passed into the fluent path engine
     * @param name - name reference to resolve
     * @param beforeContext - whether this is being called before the name is resolved locally, or not
     * @return the value of the reference (or null, if it's not valid, though can throw an exception if desired)
     */
    public Base resolveConstant(Object appContext, String name, boolean beforeContext)  throws PathEngineException;
    public TypeDetails resolveConstantType(Object appContext, String name) throws PathEngineException;
    
    /**
     * when the .log() function is called
     * 
     * @param argument
     * @param focus
     * @return
     */
    public boolean log(String argument, List<Base> focus);

    // extensibility for functions
    /**
     * 
     * @param functionName
     * @return null if the function is not known
     */
    public FunctionDetails resolveFunction(String functionName);
    
    /**
     * Check the function parameters, and throw an error if they are incorrect, or return the type for the function
     * @param functionName
     * @param parameters
     * @return
     */
    public TypeDetails checkFunction(Object appContext, String functionName, List<TypeDetails> parameters) throws PathEngineException;
    
    /**
     * @param appContext
     * @param functionName
     * @param parameters
     * @return
     */
    public List<Base> executeFunction(Object appContext, String functionName, List<List<Base>> parameters);
    
    /**
     * Implementation of resolve() function. Passed a string, return matching resource, if one is known - else null
     * @appContext - passed in by the host to the FHIRPathEngine
     * @param url the reference (Reference.reference or the value of the canonical
     * @return
     * @throws FHIRException 
     */
    public Base resolveReference(Object appContext, String url) throws FHIRException;
    
    public boolean conformsToProfile(Object appContext, Base item, String url) throws FHIRException;
    
    /* 
     * return the value set referenced by the url, which has been used in memberOf()
     */
    public ValueSet resolveValueSet(Object appContext, String url);
  }


  /**
   * @param worker - used when validating paths (@check), and used doing value set membership when executing tests (once that's defined)
   */
  public FHIRPathEngine(IWorkerContext worker) {
    super();
    this.worker = worker;
    if (this.worker!=null) {
      for (StructureDefinition sd : worker.allStructures()) {
        if (sd.getDerivation() == TypeDerivationRule.SPECIALIZATION && sd.getKind() != StructureDefinitionKind.LOGICAL)
          allTypes.put(sd.getName(), sd);
        if (sd.getDerivation() == TypeDerivationRule.SPECIALIZATION && sd.getKind() == StructureDefinitionKind.PRIMITIVETYPE) {
          primitiveTypes.add(sd.getName());
        }
      }
    }
  }


  // --- 3 methods to override in children -------------------------------------------------------
  // if you don't override, it falls through to the using the base reference implementation 
  // HAPI overrides to these to support extending the base model

  public IEvaluationContext getHostServices() {
    return hostServices;
  }


  public void setHostServices(IEvaluationContext constantResolver) {
    this.hostServices = constantResolver;
  }


  /**
   * Given an item, return all the children that conform to the pattern described in name
   * 
   * Possible patterns:
   *  - a simple name (which may be the base of a name with [] e.g. value[x])
   *  - a name with a type replacement e.g. valueCodeableConcept
   *  - * which means all children
   *  - ** which means all descendants
   *  
   * @param item
   * @param name
   * @param result
         * @throws FHIRException 
   */
  protected void getChildrenByName(Base item, String name, List<Base> result) throws FHIRException {
        Base[] list = item.listChildrenByName(name, false);
        if (list != null)
                for (Base v : list)
      if (v != null)
        result.add(v);
  }

  
  public boolean isLegacyMode() {
    return legacyMode;
  }


  public void setLegacyMode(boolean legacyMode) {
    this.legacyMode = legacyMode;
  }


  // --- public API -------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * Parse a path for later use using execute
   * 
   * @param path
   * @return
   * @throws PathEngineException 
   * @throws Exception
   */
  public ExpressionNode parse(String path) throws FHIRLexerException {
    return parse(path, null);
  }
  
  public ExpressionNode parse(String path, String name) throws FHIRLexerException {
    FHIRLexer lexer = new FHIRLexer(path, name);
    if (lexer.done())
      throw lexer.error("Path cannot be empty");
    ExpressionNode result = parseExpression(lexer, true);
    if (!lexer.done())
      throw lexer.error("Premature ExpressionNode termination at unexpected token \""+lexer.getCurrent()+"\"");
    result.check();
    return result;    
  }

  public static class ExpressionNodeWithOffset {
    private int offset;
    private ExpressionNode node;
    public ExpressionNodeWithOffset(int offset, ExpressionNode node) {
      super();
      this.offset = offset;
      this.node = node;
    }
    public int getOffset() {
      return offset;
    }
    public ExpressionNode getNode() {
      return node;
    }
    
  }
  /**
   * Parse a path for later use using execute
   * 
   * @param path
   * @return
   * @throws PathEngineException 
   * @throws Exception
   */
  public ExpressionNodeWithOffset parsePartial(String path, int i) throws FHIRLexerException {
    FHIRLexer lexer = new FHIRLexer(path, i);
    if (lexer.done())
      throw lexer.error("Path cannot be empty");
    ExpressionNode result = parseExpression(lexer, true);
    result.check();
    return new ExpressionNodeWithOffset(lexer.getCurrentStart(), result);    
  }

  /**
   * Parse a path that is part of some other syntax
   *  
   * @return
   * @throws PathEngineException 
   * @throws Exception
   */
  public ExpressionNode parse(FHIRLexer lexer) throws FHIRLexerException {
    ExpressionNode result = parseExpression(lexer, true);
    result.check();
    return result;    
  }

  /**
   * check that paths referred to in the ExpressionNode are valid
   * 
   * xPathStartsWithValueRef is a hack work around for the fact that FHIR Path sometimes needs a different starting point than the xpath
   * 
   * returns a list of the possible types that might be returned by executing the ExpressionNode against a particular context
   * 
   * @param context - the logical type against which this path is applied
   * @throws DefinitionException
   * @throws PathEngineException 
   * @if the path is not valid
   */
  public TypeDetails check(Object appContext, String resourceType, String context, ExpressionNode expr) throws FHIRLexerException, PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    // if context is a path that refers to a type, do that conversion now 
        TypeDetails types; 
        if (context == null) {
          types = null; // this is a special case; the first path reference will have to resolve to something in the context
        } else if (!context.contains(".")) {
    StructureDefinition sd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, context);
          types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, sd.getUrl());
        } else {
          String ctxt = context.substring(0, context.indexOf('.'));
      if (Utilities.isAbsoluteUrl(resourceType)) {
        ctxt = resourceType.substring(0, resourceType.lastIndexOf("/")+1)+ctxt;
      }
          StructureDefinition sd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ctxt);
          if (sd == null) 
            throw new PathEngineException("Unknown context "+context);
          ElementDefinitionMatch ed = getElementDefinition(sd, context, true);
          if (ed == null) 
            throw new PathEngineException("Unknown context element "+context);
          if (ed.fixedType != null) 
            types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, ed.fixedType);
          else if (ed.getDefinition().getType().isEmpty() || isAbstractType(ed.getDefinition().getType())) 
            types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, ctxt+"#"+context);
          else {
            types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
                for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getDefinition().getType()) 
                  types.addType(t.getCode());
          }
        }

    return executeType(new ExecutionTypeContext(appContext, resourceType, types, types), types, expr, true);
  }

  public TypeDetails check(Object appContext, StructureDefinition sd, String context, ExpressionNode expr) throws FHIRLexerException, PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    // if context is a path that refers to a type, do that conversion now 
    TypeDetails types; 
    if (!context.contains(".")) {
      types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, sd.getUrl());
    } else {
      ElementDefinitionMatch ed = getElementDefinition(sd, context, true);
      if (ed == null) 
        throw new PathEngineException("Unknown context element "+context);
      if (ed.fixedType != null) 
        types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, ed.fixedType);
      else if (ed.getDefinition().getType().isEmpty() || isAbstractType(ed.getDefinition().getType())) 
        types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, sd.getUrl()+"#"+context);
      else {
        types = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
        for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getDefinition().getType()) 
          types.addType(t.getCode());
      }
    }

    return executeType(new ExecutionTypeContext(appContext, sd.getUrl(), types, types), types, expr, true);
  }

  public TypeDetails check(Object appContext, StructureDefinition sd, ExpressionNode expr) throws FHIRLexerException, PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    // if context is a path that refers to a type, do that conversion now 
    TypeDetails types = null; // this is a special case; the first path reference will have to resolve to something in the context
    return executeType(new ExecutionTypeContext(appContext, sd == null ? null : sd.getUrl(), null, types), types, expr, true);
  }

  public TypeDetails check(Object appContext, String resourceType, String context, String expr) throws FHIRLexerException, PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    return check(appContext, resourceType, context, parse(expr));
  }

  private int compareDateTimeElements(Base theL, Base theR, boolean theEquivalenceTest) {
    String dateLeftString = theL.primitiveValue();
    DateTimeType dateLeft = new DateTimeType(dateLeftString);

    String dateRightString = theR.primitiveValue();
    DateTimeType dateRight = new DateTimeType(dateRightString);

    if (theEquivalenceTest) {
      return dateLeft.equalsUsingFhirPathRules(dateRight) == Boolean.TRUE ? 0 : 1;
    }

    if (dateLeft.getPrecision().ordinal() > TemporalPrecisionEnum.DAY.ordinal()) {
      dateLeft.setTimeZoneZulu(true);
    }
    if (dateRight.getPrecision().ordinal() > TemporalPrecisionEnum.DAY.ordinal()) {
      dateRight.setTimeZoneZulu(true);
    }

    dateLeftString = dateLeft.getValueAsString();
    dateRightString = dateRight.getValueAsString();

    return dateLeftString.compareTo(dateRightString);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return the matching elements
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param ExpressionNode - the parsed ExpressionNode statement to use
   * @return
   * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
        public List<Base> evaluate(Base base, ExpressionNode ExpressionNode) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> list = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (base != null)
      list.add(base);
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return execute(new ExecutionContext(null, base != null && base.isResource() ? base : null, base != null && base.isResource() ? base : null, base, null, base), list, ExpressionNode, true);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return the matching elements
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param path - the FHIR Path statement to use
   * @return
         * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
        public List<Base> evaluate(Base base, String path) throws FHIRException {
    ExpressionNode exp = parse(path);
    List<Base> list = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (base != null)
      list.add(base);
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return execute(new ExecutionContext(null, base.isResource() ? base : null, base.isResource() ? base : null, base, null, base), list, exp, true);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return the matching elements
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param ExpressionNode - the parsed ExpressionNode statement to use
   * @return
         * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
        public List<Base> evaluate(Object appContext, Resource focusResource, Resource rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode ExpressionNode) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> list = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (base != null)
      list.add(base);
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return execute(new ExecutionContext(appContext, focusResource, rootResource, base, null, base), list, ExpressionNode, true);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return the matching elements
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param ExpressionNode - the parsed ExpressionNode statement to use
   * @return
   * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
  public List<Base> evaluate(Object appContext, Base focusResource, Base rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode ExpressionNode) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> list = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (base != null)
      list.add(base);
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return execute(new ExecutionContext(appContext, focusResource, rootResource, base, null, base), list, ExpressionNode, true);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return the matching elements
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param path - the FHIR Path statement to use
   * @return
         * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
        public List<Base> evaluate(Object appContext, Resource focusResource, Resource rootResource, Base base, String path) throws FHIRException {
    ExpressionNode exp = parse(path);
    List<Base> list = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (base != null)
      list.add(base);
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return execute(new ExecutionContext(appContext, focusResource, rootResource, base, null, base), list, exp, true);
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return true or false (e.g. for an invariant)
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param path - the FHIR Path statement to use
   * @return
         * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
        public boolean evaluateToBoolean(Resource focusResource, Resource rootResource, Base base, String path) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToBoolean(evaluate(null, focusResource, rootResource, base, path));
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return true or false (e.g. for an invariant)
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @return
   * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
  public boolean evaluateToBoolean(Resource focusResource, Resource rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode node) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToBoolean(evaluate(null, focusResource, rootResource, base, node));
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return true or false (e.g. for an invariant)
   * 
   * @param appInfo - application context
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @return
   * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
  public boolean evaluateToBoolean(Object appInfo, Resource focusResource, Resource rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode node) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToBoolean(evaluate(appInfo, focusResource, rootResource, base, node));
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and return true or false (e.g. for an invariant)
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @return
   * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
  public boolean evaluateToBoolean(Object appInfo, Base focusResource, Base rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode node) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToBoolean(evaluate(appInfo, focusResource, rootResource, base, node));
  }

  /**
   * evaluate a path and a string containing the outcome (for display)
   * 
   * @param base - the object against which the path is being evaluated
   * @param path - the FHIR Path statement to use
   * @return
         * @throws FHIRException 
   * @
   */
  public String evaluateToString(Base base, String path) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToString(evaluate(base, path));
  }

  public String evaluateToString(Object appInfo, Base focusResource, Base rootResource, Base base, ExpressionNode node) throws FHIRException {
    return convertToString(evaluate(appInfo, focusResource, rootResource, base, node));
  }

  /**
   * worker routine for converting a set of objects to a string representation
   * 
   * @param items - result from @evaluate
   * @return
   */
  public String convertToString(List<Base> items) {
    StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
    boolean first = true;
    for (Base item : items) {
      if (first) 
        first = false;
      else
        b.append(',');

      b.append(convertToString(item));
    }
    return b.toString();
  }

  public String convertToString(Base item) {
    if (item.isPrimitive())
      return item.primitiveValue();
    else if (item instanceof Quantity) {
      Quantity q = (Quantity) item;
      if (q.getSystem().equals("http://unitsofmeasure.org")) {
        String u = "'"+q.getCode()+"'";
        return q.getValue().toPlainString()+" "+u;
      }
      else
        return item.toString();
    } else
      return item.toString();
  }

  /**
   * worker routine for converting a set of objects to a boolean representation (for invariants)
   * 
   * @param items - result from @evaluate
   * @return
   */
  public boolean convertToBoolean(List<Base> items) {
    if (items == null)
      return false;
    else if (items.size() == 1 && items.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
      return ((BooleanType) items.get(0)).getValue();
    else if (items.size() == 1 && items.get(0).isBooleanPrimitive()) // element model
      return Boolean.valueOf(items.get(0).primitiveValue());
    else 
      return items.size() > 0;
  }


  private void log(String name, List<Base> contents) {
    if (hostServices == null || !hostServices.log(name, contents)) {
      if (log.length() > 0)
        log.append("; ");
      log.append(name);
      log.append(": ");
      boolean first = true;
      for (Base b : contents) {
        if (first)
          first = false;
        else
          log.append(",");
        log.append(convertToString(b));
      }
    }
  }

  public String forLog() {
    if (log.length() > 0)
      return " ("+log.toString()+")";
    else
      return "";
  }

  private class ExecutionContext {
    private Object appInfo;
    private Base focusResource;
    private Base rootResource;
    private Base context;
    private Base thisItem;
    private List<Base> total;
    private Map<String, Base> aliases;
    
    public ExecutionContext(Object appInfo, Base resource, Base rootResource, Base context, Map<String, Base> aliases, Base thisItem) {
      this.appInfo = appInfo;
      this.context = context;
      this.focusResource = resource; 
      this.rootResource = rootResource; 
      this.aliases = aliases;
      this.thisItem = thisItem;
    }
    public Base getFocusResource() {
      return focusResource;
    }
    public Base getRootResource() {
        return rootResource;
    }
    public Base getThisItem() {
      return thisItem;
    }
    public List<Base> getTotal() {
      return total;
    }
    public void addAlias(String name, List<Base> focus) throws FHIRException {
      if (aliases == null)
        aliases = new HashMap<String, Base>();
      else
        aliases = new HashMap<String, Base>(aliases); // clone it, since it's going to change 
      if (focus.size() > 1)
        throw new FHIRException("Attempt to alias a collection, not a singleton");
      aliases.put(name, focus.size() == 0 ? null : focus.get(0));      
    }
    public Base getAlias(String name) {
      return aliases == null ? null : aliases.get(name);
    }
  }

  private class ExecutionTypeContext {
    private Object appInfo; 
    private String resource;
    private TypeDetails context;
    private TypeDetails thisItem;
    private TypeDetails total;


    public ExecutionTypeContext(Object appInfo, String resource, TypeDetails context, TypeDetails thisItem) {
      super();
      this.appInfo = appInfo;
      this.resource = resource;
      this.context = context;
      this.thisItem = thisItem;
      
    }
    public String getResource() {
      return resource;
    }
    public TypeDetails getThisItem() {
      return thisItem;
    }

    
  }

  private ExpressionNode parseExpression(FHIRLexer lexer, boolean proximal) throws FHIRLexerException {
    ExpressionNode result = new ExpressionNode(lexer.nextId());
    ExpressionNode wrapper = null;
    SourceLocation c = lexer.getCurrentStartLocation();
    result.setStart(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
    // special: +/- represents a unary operation at this point, but cannot be a feature of the lexer, since that's not always true.
    // so we back correct for both +/- and as part of a numeric constant below.
    
    // special: +/- represents a unary operation at this point, but cannot be a feature of the lexer, since that's not always true.
    // so we back correct for both +/- and as part of a numeric constant below.
    if (Utilities.existsInList(lexer.getCurrent(), "-", "+")) {
      wrapper = new ExpressionNode(lexer.nextId());
      wrapper.setKind(Kind.Unary);
      wrapper.setOperation(ExpressionNode.Operation.fromCode(lexer.take()));
      wrapper.setProximal(proximal);
    }

    if (lexer.isConstant()) {
      boolean isString = lexer.isStringConstant();
      if (!isString && (lexer.getCurrent().startsWith("-") || lexer.getCurrent().startsWith("+"))) {
        // the grammar says that this is a unary operation; it affects the correct processing order of the inner operations
        wrapper = new ExpressionNode(lexer.nextId());
        wrapper.setKind(Kind.Unary);
        wrapper.setOperation(ExpressionNode.Operation.fromCode(lexer.getCurrent().substring(0, 1)));
        wrapper.setProximal(proximal);
        lexer.setCurrent(lexer.getCurrent().substring(1));
      }
      result.setConstant(processConstant(lexer));
      result.setKind(Kind.Constant);
      if (!isString && !lexer.done() && (result.getConstant() instanceof IntegerType || result.getConstant() instanceof DecimalType) && (lexer.isStringConstant() || lexer.hasToken("year", "years", "month", "months", "week", "weeks", "day", "days", "hour", "hours", "minute", "minutes", "second", "seconds", "millisecond", "milliseconds"))) {
        // it's a quantity
        String ucum = null;
        if (lexer.hasToken("year", "years", "month", "months", "week", "weeks", "day", "days", "hour", "hours", "minute", "minutes", "second", "seconds", "millisecond", "milliseconds")) {
          String s = lexer.take();
          if (s.equals("year") || s.equals("years"))
            ucum = "a";
          else if (s.equals("month") || s.equals("months"))
            ucum = "mo";
          else if (s.equals("week") || s.equals("weeks"))
            ucum = "wk";
          else if (s.equals("day") || s.equals("days"))
            ucum = "d";
          else if (s.equals("hour") || s.equals("hours"))
            ucum = "h";
          else if (s.equals("minute") || s.equals("minutes"))
            ucum = "min";
          else if (s.equals("second") || s.equals("seconds"))
            ucum = "s";
          else // (s.equals("millisecond") || s.equals("milliseconds"))
            ucum = "ms";
        } else 
          ucum = lexer.readConstant("units");
        result.setConstant(new Quantity().setValue(new BigDecimal(result.getConstant().primitiveValue())).setSystem("http://unitsofmeasure.org").setCode(ucum));
      }
      result.setEnd(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
    } else if ("(".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) {
      lexer.next();
      result.setKind(Kind.Group);
      result.setGroup(parseExpression(lexer, true));
      if (!")".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) 
        throw lexer.error("Found "+lexer.getCurrent()+" expecting a \")\"");
      result.setEnd(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
      lexer.next();
    } else {
      if (!lexer.isToken() && !lexer.getCurrent().startsWith("`")) 
        throw lexer.error("Found "+lexer.getCurrent()+" expecting a token name");
      if (lexer.isFixedName())
        result.setName(lexer.readFixedName("Path Name"));
      else
        result.setName(lexer.take());
      result.setEnd(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
      if (!result.checkName())
        throw lexer.error("Found "+result.getName()+" expecting a valid token name");
      if ("(".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) {
        Function f = Function.fromCode(result.getName());
        FunctionDetails details = null;
        if (f == null) {
          if (hostServices != null)
            details = hostServices.resolveFunction(result.getName());
          if (details == null)
            throw lexer.error("The name "+result.getName()+" is not a valid function name");
          f = Function.Custom;
        }
        result.setKind(Kind.Function);
        result.setFunction(f);
        lexer.next();
        while (!")".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) { 
          result.getParameters().add(parseExpression(lexer, true));
          if (",".equals(lexer.getCurrent()))
            lexer.next();
          else if (!")".equals(lexer.getCurrent()))
            throw lexer.error("The token "+lexer.getCurrent()+" is not expected here - either a \",\" or a \")\" expected");
        }
        result.setEnd(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
        lexer.next();
        checkParameters(lexer, c, result, details);
      } else
        result.setKind(Kind.Name);
    }
    ExpressionNode focus = result;
    if ("[".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) {
      lexer.next();
      ExpressionNode item = new ExpressionNode(lexer.nextId());
      item.setKind(Kind.Function);
      item.setFunction(ExpressionNode.Function.Item);
      item.getParameters().add(parseExpression(lexer, true));
      if (!lexer.getCurrent().equals("]"))
        throw lexer.error("The token "+lexer.getCurrent()+" is not expected here - a \"]\" expected");
      lexer.next();
      result.setInner(item);
      focus = item;
    }
    if (".".equals(lexer.getCurrent())) {
      lexer.next();
      focus.setInner(parseExpression(lexer, false));
    }
    result.setProximal(proximal);
    if (proximal) {
      while (lexer.isOp()) {
        focus.setOperation(ExpressionNode.Operation.fromCode(lexer.getCurrent()));
        focus.setOpStart(lexer.getCurrentStartLocation());
        focus.setOpEnd(lexer.getCurrentLocation());
        lexer.next();
        focus.setOpNext(parseExpression(lexer, false));
        focus = focus.getOpNext();
      }
      result = organisePrecedence(lexer, result);
    }
    if (wrapper != null) {
      wrapper.setOpNext(result);
      result.setProximal(false);
      result = wrapper;
    }
    return result;
  }

  private ExpressionNode organisePrecedence(FHIRLexer lexer, ExpressionNode node) {
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Times, Operation.DivideBy, Operation.Div, Operation.Mod)); 
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Plus, Operation.Minus, Operation.Concatenate)); 
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Union)); 
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.LessThan, Operation.Greater, Operation.LessOrEqual, Operation.GreaterOrEqual));
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Is));
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Equals, Operation.Equivalent, Operation.NotEquals, Operation.NotEquivalent));
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.And));
    node = gatherPrecedence(lexer, node, EnumSet.of(Operation.Xor, Operation.Or));
    // last: implies
    return node;
  }

  private ExpressionNode gatherPrecedence(FHIRLexer lexer, ExpressionNode start, EnumSet<Operation> ops) {
    //    work : boolean;
    //    focus, node, group : ExpressionNode;

    assert(start.isProximal());

    // is there anything to do?
    boolean work = false;
    ExpressionNode focus = start.getOpNext();
    if (ops.contains(start.getOperation())) {
      while (focus != null && focus.getOperation() != null) {
        work = work || !ops.contains(focus.getOperation());
        focus = focus.getOpNext();
      }
    } else {
      while (focus != null && focus.getOperation() != null) {
        work = work || ops.contains(focus.getOperation());
        focus = focus.getOpNext();
      }
    }  
    if (!work)
      return start;

    // entry point: tricky
    ExpressionNode group;
    if (ops.contains(start.getOperation())) {
      group = newGroup(lexer, start);
      group.setProximal(true);
      focus = start;
      start = group;
    } else {
      ExpressionNode node = start;

      focus = node.getOpNext();
      while (!ops.contains(focus.getOperation())) {
        node = focus;
        focus = focus.getOpNext();
      }
      group = newGroup(lexer, focus);
      node.setOpNext(group);
    }

    // now, at this point:
    //   group is the group we are adding to, it already has a .group property filled out.
    //   focus points at the group.group
    do {
      // run until we find the end of the sequence
      while (ops.contains(focus.getOperation()))
        focus = focus.getOpNext();
      if (focus.getOperation() != null) {
        group.setOperation(focus.getOperation());
        group.setOpNext(focus.getOpNext());
        focus.setOperation(null);
        focus.setOpNext(null);
        // now look for another sequence, and start it
        ExpressionNode node = group;
        focus = group.getOpNext();
        if (focus != null) { 
          while (focus != null && !ops.contains(focus.getOperation())) {
            node = focus;
            focus = focus.getOpNext();
          }
          if (focus != null) { // && (focus.Operation in Ops) - must be true 
            group = newGroup(lexer, focus);
            node.setOpNext(group);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    while (focus != null && focus.getOperation() != null);
    return start;
  }


  private ExpressionNode newGroup(FHIRLexer lexer, ExpressionNode next) {
    ExpressionNode result = new ExpressionNode(lexer.nextId());
    result.setKind(Kind.Group);
    result.setGroup(next);
    result.getGroup().setProximal(true);
    return result;
  }

  private Base processConstant(FHIRLexer lexer) throws FHIRLexerException {
    if (lexer.isStringConstant()) {
      return new StringType(processConstantString(lexer.take(), lexer)).noExtensions();
    } else if (Utilities.isInteger(lexer.getCurrent())) {
      return new IntegerType(lexer.take()).noExtensions();
    } else if (Utilities.isDecimal(lexer.getCurrent(), false)) {
      return new DecimalType(lexer.take()).noExtensions();
    } else if (Utilities.existsInList(lexer.getCurrent(), "true", "false")) {
      return new BooleanType(lexer.take()).noExtensions();
    } else if (lexer.getCurrent().equals("{}")) {
      lexer.take();
      return null;
    } else if (lexer.getCurrent().startsWith("%") || lexer.getCurrent().startsWith("@")) {
      return new FHIRConstant(lexer.take());
    } else
      throw lexer.error("Invalid Constant "+lexer.getCurrent());
  }

  //  procedure CheckParamCount(c : integer);
  //  begin
  //    if exp.Parameters.Count <> c then
  //      raise lexer.error('The function "'+exp.name+'" requires '+inttostr(c)+' parameters', offset);
  //  end;

  private boolean checkParamCount(FHIRLexer lexer, SourceLocation location, ExpressionNode exp, int count) throws FHIRLexerException {
    if (exp.getParameters().size() != count)
      throw lexer.error("The function \""+exp.getName()+"\" requires "+Integer.toString(count)+" parameters", location.toString());
    return true;
  }

  private boolean checkParamCount(FHIRLexer lexer, SourceLocation location, ExpressionNode exp, int countMin, int countMax) throws FHIRLexerException {
    if (exp.getParameters().size() < countMin || exp.getParameters().size() > countMax)
      throw lexer.error("The function \""+exp.getName()+"\" requires between "+Integer.toString(countMin)+" and "+Integer.toString(countMax)+" parameters", location.toString());
    return true;
  }

  private boolean checkParameters(FHIRLexer lexer, SourceLocation location, ExpressionNode exp, FunctionDetails details) throws FHIRLexerException {
    switch (exp.getFunction()) {
    case Empty: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Not: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Exists: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case SubsetOf: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case SupersetOf: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case IsDistinct: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Distinct: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Count: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Where: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Select: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case All: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0, 1);
    case Repeat: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Aggregate: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1, 2);
    case Item: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case As: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case OfType: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Type: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Is: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Single: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case First: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Last: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Tail: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Skip: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Take: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Union: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Combine: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Intersect: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Exclude: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Iif: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 2,3);
    case Lower: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Upper: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToChars: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case IndexOf : return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Substring: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1, 2);
    case StartsWith: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case EndsWith: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Matches: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case ReplaceMatches: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 2);
    case Contains: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Replace: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 2);
    case Length: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Children: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Descendants: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case MemberOf: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Trace: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1, 2);
    case Check: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 2);
    case Today: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Now: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Resolve: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Extension: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case AllFalse: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case AnyFalse: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case AllTrue: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case AnyTrue: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case HasValue: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case Alias: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case AliasAs: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case HtmlChecks: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToInteger: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToDecimal: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToString: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToQuantity: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToBoolean: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToDateTime: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ToTime: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToInteger: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToDecimal: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToString: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToQuantity: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToBoolean: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToDateTime: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConvertsToTime: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 0);
    case ConformsTo: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, 1);
    case Custom: return checkParamCount(lexer, location, exp, details.getMinParameters(), details.getMaxParameters());
    }
    return false;
  }

        private List<Base> execute(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp, boolean atEntry) throws FHIRException {
//    System.out.println("Evaluate {'"+exp.toString()+"'} on "+focus.toString());
    List<Base> work = new ArrayList<Base>();
    switch (exp.getKind()) {
    case Unary:
      work.add(new IntegerType(0));
      break;
    case Name:
      if (atEntry && exp.getName().equals("$this"))
        work.add(context.getThisItem());
      else if (atEntry && exp.getName().equals("$total"))
        work.addAll(context.getTotal());
      else
        for (Base item : focus) {
          List<Base> outcome = execute(context, item, exp, atEntry);
          for (Base base : outcome)
            if (base != null)
              work.add(base);
        }                       
      break;
    case Function:
      List<Base> work2 = evaluateFunction(context, focus, exp);
      work.addAll(work2);
      break;
    case Constant:
      Base b = resolveConstant(context, exp.getConstant(), false);
      if (b != null)
        work.add(b);
      break;
    case Group:
      work2 = execute(context, focus, exp.getGroup(), atEntry);
      work.addAll(work2);
    }

    if (exp.getInner() != null)
      work = execute(context, work, exp.getInner(), false);

    if (exp.isProximal() && exp.getOperation() != null) {
      ExpressionNode next = exp.getOpNext();
      ExpressionNode last = exp;
      while (next != null) {
        List<Base> work2 = preOperate(work, last.getOperation());
        if (work2 != null)
          work = work2;
        else if (last.getOperation() == Operation.Is || last.getOperation() == Operation.As) {
          work2 = executeTypeName(context, focus, next, false);
          work = operate(context, work, last.getOperation(), work2);
        } else {
          work2 = execute(context, focus, next, true);
          work = operate(context, work, last.getOperation(), work2);
//          System.out.println("Result of {'"+last.toString()+" "+last.getOperation().toCode()+" "+next.toString()+"'}: "+focus.toString());
        }
        last = next;
        next = next.getOpNext();
      }
    }
//    System.out.println("Result of {'"+exp.toString()+"'}: "+work.toString());
    return work;
  }

  private List<Base> executeTypeName(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode next, boolean atEntry) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (next.getInner() != null)
      result.add(new StringType(next.getName()+"."+next.getInner().getName()));
    else 
      result.add(new StringType(next.getName()));
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> preOperate(List<Base> left, Operation operation) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0)
      return null;
    switch (operation) {
    case And:
      return isBoolean(left, false) ? makeBoolean(false) : null;
    case Or:
      return isBoolean(left, true) ? makeBoolean(true) : null;
    case Implies:
      Equality v = asBool(left); 
      return v == Equality.False ? makeBoolean(true) : null;
    default: 
      return null;
    }
  }

  private List<Base> makeBoolean(boolean b) {
    List<Base> res = new ArrayList<Base>();
    res.add(new BooleanType(b).noExtensions());
    return res;
  }

  private List<Base> makeNull() {
    List<Base> res = new ArrayList<Base>();
    return res;
  }

  private TypeDetails executeTypeName(ExecutionTypeContext context, TypeDetails focus, ExpressionNode exp, boolean atEntry) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, exp.getName());
  }

  private TypeDetails executeType(ExecutionTypeContext context, TypeDetails focus, ExpressionNode exp, boolean atEntry) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    TypeDetails result = new TypeDetails(null);
    switch (exp.getKind()) {
    case Name:
      if (atEntry && exp.getName().equals("$this"))
        result.update(context.getThisItem());
      else if (atEntry && exp.getName().equals("$total"))
        result.update(anything(CollectionStatus.UNORDERED));
      else if (atEntry && focus == null)
        result.update(executeContextType(context, exp.getName()));
      else {
        for (String s : focus.getTypes()) {
          result.update(executeType(s, exp, atEntry));
        }
        if (result.hasNoTypes()) 
          throw new PathEngineException("The name "+exp.getName()+" is not valid for any of the possible types: "+focus.describe());
      }
      break;
    case Function:
      result.update(evaluateFunctionType(context, focus, exp));
      break;
    case Unary:
      result.addType("integer");
      break;
    case Constant:
      result.update(resolveConstantType(context, exp.getConstant()));
      break;
    case Group:
      result.update(executeType(context, focus, exp.getGroup(), atEntry));
    }
    exp.setTypes(result);

    if (exp.getInner() != null) {
      result = executeType(context, result, exp.getInner(), false);
    }

    if (exp.isProximal() && exp.getOperation() != null) {
      ExpressionNode next = exp.getOpNext();
      ExpressionNode last = exp;
      while (next != null) {
        TypeDetails work;
        if (last.getOperation() == Operation.Is || last.getOperation() == Operation.As)
          work = executeTypeName(context, focus, next, atEntry);
        else
          work = executeType(context, focus, next, atEntry);
        result = operateTypes(result, last.getOperation(), work);
        last = next;
        next = next.getOpNext();
      }
      exp.setOpTypes(result);
    }
    return result;
  }

  private Base resolveConstant(ExecutionContext context, Base constant, boolean beforeContext) throws PathEngineException {
    if (!(constant instanceof FHIRConstant))
      return constant;
    FHIRConstant c = (FHIRConstant) constant;
    if (c.getValue().startsWith("%")) {
      return resolveConstant(context, c.getValue(), beforeContext);
    } else if (c.getValue().startsWith("@")) {
      return processDateConstant(context.appInfo, c.getValue().substring(1));
    } else 
      throw new PathEngineException("Invaild FHIR Constant "+c.getValue());
  }

  private Base processDateConstant(Object appInfo, String value) throws PathEngineException {
    if (value.startsWith("T"))
      return new TimeType(value.substring(1)).noExtensions();
    String v = value;
    if (v.length() > 10) {
      int i = v.substring(10).indexOf("-");
      if (i == -1)
        i = v.substring(10).indexOf("+");
      if (i == -1)
        i = v.substring(10).indexOf("Z");
      v = i == -1 ? value : v.substring(0,  10+i);
    }
    if (v.length() > 10)
      return new DateTimeType(value).noExtensions();
    else 
      return new DateType(value).noExtensions();
  }


  private Base resolveConstant(ExecutionContext context, String s, boolean beforeContext) throws PathEngineException {
    if (s.equals("%sct"))
      return new StringType("http://snomed.info/sct").noExtensions();
    else if (s.equals("%loinc"))
      return new StringType("http://loinc.org").noExtensions();
    else if (s.equals("%ucum"))
      return new StringType("http://unitsofmeasure.org").noExtensions();
    else if (s.equals("%resource")) {
      if (context.focusResource == null)
        throw new PathEngineException("Cannot use %resource in this context");
      return context.focusResource;
    } else if (s.equals("%rootResource")) {
      if (context.rootResource == null)
        throw new PathEngineException("Cannot use %rootResource in this context");
      return context.rootResource;
    } else if (s.equals("%context")) {
      return context.context;
    } else if (s.equals("%us-zip"))
      return new StringType("[0-9]{5}(-[0-9]{4}){0,1}").noExtensions();
    else if (s.startsWith("%`vs-"))
      return new StringType("http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/"+s.substring(5, s.length()-1)+"").noExtensions();
    else if (s.startsWith("%`cs-"))
      return new StringType("http://hl7.org/fhir/"+s.substring(5, s.length()-1)+"").noExtensions();
    else if (s.startsWith("%`ext-"))
      return new StringType("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/"+s.substring(6, s.length()-1)).noExtensions();
    else if (hostServices == null)
      throw new PathEngineException("Unknown fixed constant '"+s+"'");
    else
      return hostServices.resolveConstant(context.appInfo, s.substring(1), beforeContext);
  }


  private String processConstantString(String s, FHIRLexer lexer) throws FHIRLexerException {
    StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
    int i = 1;
    while (i < s.length()-1) {
      char ch = s.charAt(i);
      if (ch == '\\') {
        i++;
        switch (s.charAt(i)) {
        case 't': 
          b.append('\t');
          break;
        case 'r':
          b.append('\r');
          break;
        case 'n': 
          b.append('\n');
          break;
        case 'f': 
          b.append('\f');
          break;
        case '\'':
          b.append('\'');
          break;
        case '"':
          b.append('"');
          break;
        case '`':
          b.append('`');
          break;
        case '\\': 
          b.append('\\');
          break;
        case '/': 
          b.append('/');
          break;
        case 'u':
          i++;
          int uc = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(i, i+4), 16);
          b.append((char) uc);
          i = i + 3;
          break;
        default:
          throw lexer.error("Unknown character escape \\"+s.charAt(i));
        }
        i++;
      } else {
        b.append(ch);
        i++;
      }
    }
    return b.toString();
  }


  private List<Base> operate(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> left, Operation operation, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    switch (operation) {
    case Equals: return opEquals(left, right);
    case Equivalent: return opEquivalent(left, right);
    case NotEquals: return opNotEquals(left, right);
    case NotEquivalent: return opNotEquivalent(left, right);
    case LessThan: return opLessThan(left, right);
    case Greater: return opGreater(left, right);
    case LessOrEqual: return opLessOrEqual(left, right);
    case GreaterOrEqual: return opGreaterOrEqual(left, right);
    case Union: return opUnion(left, right);
    case In: return opIn(left, right);
    case MemberOf: return opMemberOf(context, left, right);
    case Contains: return opContains(left, right);
    case Or:  return opOr(left, right);
    case And:  return opAnd(left, right);
    case Xor: return opXor(left, right);
    case Implies: return opImplies(left, right);
    case Plus: return opPlus(left, right);
    case Times: return opTimes(left, right);
    case Minus: return opMinus(left, right);
    case Concatenate: return opConcatenate(left, right);
    case DivideBy: return opDivideBy(left, right);
    case Div: return opDiv(left, right);
    case Mod: return opMod(left, right);
    case Is: return opIs(left, right);
    case As: return opAs(left, right);
    default: 
      throw new Error("Not Done Yet: "+operation.toCode());
    }
  }

  private List<Base> opAs(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<>();
    if (right.size() != 1)
      return result;
    else {
      String tn = convertToString(right);
      for (Base nextLeft : left) {
        if (tn.equals(nextLeft.fhirType()))
          result.add(nextLeft);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> opIs(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() != 1 || right.size() != 1) 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else {
      String tn = convertToString(right);
      if (left.get(0) instanceof org.hl7.fhir.r4.elementmodel.Element)
        result.add(new BooleanType(left.get(0).hasType(tn)).noExtensions());
      else if ((left.get(0) instanceof Element) && ((Element) left.get(0)).isDisallowExtensions())
        result.add(new BooleanType(Utilities.capitalize(left.get(0).fhirType()).equals(tn) || ("System."+Utilities.capitalize(left.get(0).fhirType())).equals(tn)).noExtensions());
      else
        result.add(new BooleanType(left.get(0).hasType(tn)).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }


  private TypeDetails operateTypes(TypeDetails left, Operation operation, TypeDetails right) {
    switch (operation) {
    case Equals: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Equivalent: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case NotEquals: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case NotEquivalent: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case LessThan: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Greater: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case LessOrEqual: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case GreaterOrEqual: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Is: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case As: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, right.getTypes());
    case Union: return left.union(right);
    case Or: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case And: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Xor: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Implies : return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Times: 
      TypeDetails result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
      if (left.hasType(worker, "integer") && right.hasType(worker, "integer"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal") && right.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      return result;
    case DivideBy: 
      result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
      if (left.hasType(worker, "integer") && right.hasType(worker, "integer"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal") && right.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      return result;
    case Concatenate:
      result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
      return result;
    case Plus:
      result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
      if (left.hasType(worker, "integer") && right.hasType(worker, "integer"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal") && right.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "string", "id", "code", "uri") && right.hasType(worker, "string", "id", "code", "uri"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_String);
      return result;
    case Minus:
      result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
      if (left.hasType(worker, "integer") && right.hasType(worker, "integer"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal") && right.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      return result;
    case Div: 
    case Mod: 
      result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON);
      if (left.hasType(worker, "integer") && right.hasType(worker, "integer"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
      else if (left.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal") && right.hasType(worker, "integer", "decimal"))
        result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
      return result;
    case In: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case MemberOf: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Contains: return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    default: 
      return null;
    }
  }


  private List<Base> opEquals(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();

    if (left.size() != right.size())
      return makeBoolean(false);

    boolean res = true;
    boolean nil = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < left.size(); i++) {
      Boolean eq = doEquals(left.get(i), right.get(i));
      if (eq == null)
        nil = true;
      else if (eq == false) { 
        res = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!res)
      return makeBoolean(res);
    else if (nil)
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    else
      return makeBoolean(res);
  }

  private List<Base> opNotEquals(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    if (!legacyMode && (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0))
      return new ArrayList<Base>();

    if (left.size() != right.size())
      return makeBoolean(true);

    boolean res = true;
    boolean nil = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < left.size(); i++) {
      Boolean eq = doEquals(left.get(i), right.get(i));
      if (eq == null)
        nil = true;
      else if (eq == true) { 
        res = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!res)
      return makeBoolean(res);
    else if (nil)
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    else
      return makeBoolean(res);
  }

  private String removeTrailingZeros(String s) {
    if (Utilities.noString(s))
      return "";
    int i = s.length()-1;
    boolean done = false;
    boolean dot = false;
    while (i > 0 && !done) {
      if (s.charAt(i) == '.') {
        i--;
        dot = true;
      }
      else if (!dot && s.charAt(i) == '0')
        i--;
      else
        done = true;
    }
    return s.substring(0, i+1);
  }

  private boolean decEqual(String left, String right) {
    left = removeTrailingZeros(left);
    right = removeTrailingZeros(right);
    return left.equals(right);
  }
  
  private Boolean compareDates(BaseDateTimeType left, BaseDateTimeType right) {
    return left.equalsUsingFhirPathRules(right);
  }
  
  private Boolean doEquals(Base left, Base right) {
    if (left instanceof Quantity && right instanceof Quantity)
      return qtyEqual((Quantity) left, (Quantity) right);
    else if (left.isDateTime() && right.isDateTime()) {
      return compareDates(left.dateTimeValue(), right.dateTimeValue());
    } else if (left instanceof DecimalType || right instanceof DecimalType) 
      return decEqual(left.primitiveValue(), right.primitiveValue());
    else if (left.isPrimitive() && right.isPrimitive())
                        return Base.equals(left.primitiveValue(), right.primitiveValue());
    else
      return Base.compareDeep(left, right, false);
  }


  private boolean doEquivalent(Base left, Base right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left instanceof Quantity && right instanceof Quantity)
      return qtyEquivalent((Quantity) left, (Quantity) right);
    if (left.hasType("integer") && right.hasType("integer"))
      return doEquals(left, right);
    if (left.hasType("boolean") && right.hasType("boolean"))
      return doEquals(left, right);
    if (left.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt") && right.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt"))
      return Utilities.equivalentNumber(left.primitiveValue(), right.primitiveValue());
    if (left.hasType("date", "dateTime", "time", "instant") && right.hasType("date", "dateTime", "time", "instant"))
      return compareDateTimeElements(left, right, true) == 0;
    if (left.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && right.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING))
      return Utilities.equivalent(convertToString(left), convertToString(right));

    throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Unable to determine equivalence between %s and %s", left.fhirType(), right.fhirType()));
  }

  private boolean qtyEqual(Quantity left, Quantity right) {
    if (worker.getUcumService() != null) {
      DecimalType dl = qtyToCanonical(left);
      DecimalType dr = qtyToCanonical(right);
      if (dl != null && dr != null) 
        return doEquals(dl,  dr);
    }
    return left.equals(right);
  }

  private DecimalType qtyToCanonical(Quantity q) {
    if (!"http://unitsofmeasure.org".equals(q.getSystem()))
      return null;
    try {
      Pair p = new Pair(new Decimal(q.getValue().toPlainString()), q.getCode());
      Pair c = worker.getUcumService().getCanonicalForm(p);
      return new DecimalType(c.getValue().asDecimal());
    } catch (UcumException e) {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private Base pairToQty(Pair p) {
    return new Quantity().setValue(new BigDecimal(p.getValue().toString())).setSystem("http://unitsofmeasure.org").setCode(p.getCode()).noExtensions();
  }


  private Pair qtyToPair(Quantity q) {
    if (!"http://unitsofmeasure.org".equals(q.getSystem()))
      return null;
    try {
      return new Pair(new Decimal(q.getValue().toPlainString()), q.getCode());
    } catch (UcumException e) {
      return null;
    }
  }


  private boolean qtyEquivalent(Quantity left, Quantity right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (worker.getUcumService() != null) {
      DecimalType dl = qtyToCanonical(left);
      DecimalType dr = qtyToCanonical(right);
      if (dl != null && dr != null) 
        return doEquivalent(dl,  dr);
    }
    return left.equals(right);
  }



  private List<Base> opEquivalent(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() != right.size())
      return makeBoolean(false);

    boolean res = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < left.size(); i++) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (int j = 0; j < right.size(); j++) {
        if (doEquivalent(left.get(i), right.get(j))) {
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!found) {
        res = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return makeBoolean(res);
  }

  private List<Base> opNotEquivalent(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() != right.size())
      return makeBoolean(true);

    boolean res = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < left.size(); i++) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (int j = 0; j < right.size(); j++) {
        if (doEquivalent(left.get(i), right.get(j))) {
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!found) {
        res = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return makeBoolean(!res);
  }

  private final static String[] FHIR_TYPES_STRING = new String[] {"string", "uri", "code", "oid", "id", "uuid", "sid", "markdown", "base64Binary", "canonical", "url"};

        private List<Base> opLessThan(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    
    if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).isPrimitive() && right.get(0).isPrimitive()) {
      Base l = left.get(0);
      Base r = right.get(0);
      if (l.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && r.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) < 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("integer") || l.hasType("decimal")) && (r.hasType("integer") || r.hasType("decimal"))) 
        return makeBoolean(new Double(l.primitiveValue()) < new Double(r.primitiveValue()));
      else if ((l.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")) && (r.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")))
        return makeBoolean(compareDateTimeElements(l, r, false) < 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("time")) && (r.hasType("time"))) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) < 0);
      else
        throw new PathEngineException("Unable to compare values of type "+l.fhirType()+" and "+r.fhirType());
    } else if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") && right.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") ) {
      List<Base> lUnit = left.get(0).listChildrenByName("code");
      List<Base> rUnit = right.get(0).listChildrenByName("code");
      if (Base.compareDeep(lUnit, rUnit, true)) {
        return opLessThan(left.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"), right.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"));
      } else {
        if (worker.getUcumService() == null)
          return makeBoolean(false);
        else {
          List<Base> dl = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dl.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) left.get(0)));
          List<Base> dr = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dr.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) right.get(0)));
          return opLessThan(dl, dr);
        }
      }
    }
    return new ArrayList<Base>();
  }

        private List<Base> opGreater(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).isPrimitive() && right.get(0).isPrimitive()) {
      Base l = left.get(0);
      Base r = right.get(0);
      if (l.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && r.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) > 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt")) && (r.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt"))) 
        return makeBoolean(new Double(l.primitiveValue()) > new Double(r.primitiveValue()));
      else if ((l.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")) && (r.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")))
        return makeBoolean(compareDateTimeElements(l, r, false) > 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("time")) && (r.hasType("time"))) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) > 0);
      else
        throw new PathEngineException("Unable to compare values of type "+l.fhirType()+" and "+r.fhirType());
    } else if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") && right.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") ) {
      List<Base> lUnit = left.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      List<Base> rUnit = right.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      if (Base.compareDeep(lUnit, rUnit, true)) {
        return opGreater(left.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"), right.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"));
      } else {
        if (worker.getUcumService() == null)
          return makeBoolean(false);
        else {
          List<Base> dl = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dl.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) left.get(0)));
          List<Base> dr = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dr.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) right.get(0)));
          return opGreater(dl, dr);
        }
      }
    }
    return new ArrayList<Base>();
  }

        private List<Base> opLessOrEqual(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).isPrimitive() && right.get(0).isPrimitive()) {
      Base l = left.get(0);
      Base r = right.get(0);
      if (l.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && r.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) <= 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt")) && (r.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt"))) 
        return makeBoolean(new Double(l.primitiveValue()) <= new Double(r.primitiveValue()));
      else if ((l.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")) && (r.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")))
        return makeBoolean(compareDateTimeElements(l, r, false) <= 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("time")) && (r.hasType("time"))) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) <= 0);
      else
        throw new PathEngineException("Unable to compare values of type "+l.fhirType()+" and "+r.fhirType());
    } else if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") && right.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") ) {
      List<Base> lUnits = left.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      String lunit = lUnits.size() == 1 ? lUnits.get(0).primitiveValue() : null;
      List<Base> rUnits = right.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      String runit = rUnits.size() == 1 ? rUnits.get(0).primitiveValue() : null;
      if ((lunit == null && runit == null) || lunit.equals(runit)) {
        return opLessOrEqual(left.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"), right.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"));
      } else {
        if (worker.getUcumService() == null)
          return makeBoolean(false);
        else {
          List<Base> dl = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dl.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) left.get(0)));
          List<Base> dr = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dr.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) right.get(0)));
          return opLessOrEqual(dl, dr);
        }
      }
    }
    return new ArrayList<Base>();
  }

        private List<Base> opGreaterOrEqual(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).isPrimitive() && right.get(0).isPrimitive()) {
      Base l = left.get(0);
      Base r = right.get(0);
      if (l.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && r.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) >= 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt")) && (r.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt"))) 
        return makeBoolean(new Double(l.primitiveValue()) >= new Double(r.primitiveValue()));
      else if ((l.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")) && (r.hasType("date", "dateTime", "instant")))
        return makeBoolean(compareDateTimeElements(l, r, false) >= 0);
      else if ((l.hasType("time")) && (r.hasType("time"))) 
        return makeBoolean(l.primitiveValue().compareTo(r.primitiveValue()) >= 0);
      else
        throw new PathEngineException("Unable to compare values of type "+l.fhirType()+" and "+r.fhirType());
    } else if (left.size() == 1 && right.size() == 1 && left.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") && right.get(0).fhirType().equals("Quantity") ) {
      List<Base> lUnit = left.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      List<Base> rUnit = right.get(0).listChildrenByName("unit");
      if (Base.compareDeep(lUnit, rUnit, true)) {
        return opGreaterOrEqual(left.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"), right.get(0).listChildrenByName("value"));
      } else {
        if (worker.getUcumService() == null)
          return makeBoolean(false);
        else {
          List<Base> dl = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dl.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) left.get(0)));
          List<Base> dr = new ArrayList<Base>();
          dr.add(qtyToCanonical((Quantity) right.get(0)));
          return opGreaterOrEqual(dl, dr);
        }
      }
    }
    return new ArrayList<Base>();
  }

        private List<Base> opMemberOf(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
          boolean ans = false;
          ValueSet vs = hostServices != null ? hostServices.resolveValueSet(context.appInfo, right.get(0).primitiveValue()) : worker.fetchResource(ValueSet.class, right.get(0).primitiveValue());
          if (vs != null) {
            for (Base l : left) {
              if (l.fhirType().equals("code")) {
          if (worker.validateCode(terminologyServiceOptions , l.castToCoding(l), vs).isOk())
            ans = true;
              } else if (l.fhirType().equals("Coding")) {
                if (worker.validateCode(terminologyServiceOptions, l.castToCoding(l), vs).isOk())
                  ans = true;
              } else if (l.fhirType().equals("CodeableConcept")) {
                if (worker.validateCode(terminologyServiceOptions, l.castToCodeableConcept(l), vs).isOk())
                  ans = true;
              }
            }
          }
          return makeBoolean(ans);
        }

  private List<Base> opIn(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws FHIRException {
    if (left.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (right.size() == 0) 
      return makeBoolean(false);
    boolean ans = true;
    for (Base l : left) {
      boolean f = false;
      for (Base r : right) {
        Boolean eq = doEquals(l, r);
        if (eq != null && eq == true) {
          f = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!f) {
        ans = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return makeBoolean(ans);
  }

  private List<Base> opContains(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
     return new ArrayList<Base>();
    boolean ans = true;
    for (Base r : right) {
      boolean f = false;
      for (Base l : left) {
        Boolean eq = doEquals(l, r);
        if (eq != null && eq == true) {
          f = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!f) {
        ans = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return makeBoolean(ans);
  }

  private List<Base> opPlus(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing +: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing +: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing +: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing +: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);
    if (l.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING) && r.hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) 
      result.add(new StringType(l.primitiveValue() + r.primitiveValue()));
    else if (l.hasType("integer") && r.hasType("integer")) 
      result.add(new IntegerType(Integer.parseInt(l.primitiveValue()) + Integer.parseInt(r.primitiveValue())));
    else if (l.hasType("decimal", "integer") && r.hasType("decimal", "integer")) 
      result.add(new DecimalType(new BigDecimal(l.primitiveValue()).add(new BigDecimal(r.primitiveValue()))));
    else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing +: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> opTimes(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing *: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(left.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing +: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing *: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(right.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing *: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);

    if (l.hasType("integer") && r.hasType("integer")) 
      result.add(new IntegerType(Integer.parseInt(l.primitiveValue()) * Integer.parseInt(r.primitiveValue())));
    else if (l.hasType("decimal", "integer") && r.hasType("decimal", "integer")) 
      result.add(new DecimalType(new BigDecimal(l.primitiveValue()).multiply(new BigDecimal(r.primitiveValue()))));
    else if (l instanceof Quantity && r instanceof Quantity && worker.getUcumService() != null) {
      Pair pl = qtyToPair((Quantity) l);
      Pair pr = qtyToPair((Quantity) r);
      Pair p;
      try {
        p = worker.getUcumService().multiply(pl, pr);
        result.add(pairToQty(p));
      } catch (UcumException e) {
        throw new PathEngineException(e.getMessage(), e);
      }
    } else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing *: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> opConcatenate(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing &: left operand has more than one value");
    if (left.size() > 0 && !left.get(0).hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing &: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing &: right operand has more than one value");
    if (right.size() > 0 && !right.get(0).hasType(FHIR_TYPES_STRING))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing &: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String l = left.size() == 0 ? "" : left.get(0).primitiveValue();
    String r = right.size() == 0 ? "" : right.get(0).primitiveValue();
    result.add(new StringType(l + r));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> opUnion(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : left) {
      if (!doContains(result, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    for (Base item : right) {
      if (!doContains(result, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    return result;
  }

  private boolean doContains(List<Base> list, Base item) {
    for (Base test : list) {
      Boolean eq = doEquals(test, item);
      if (eq != null && eq == true)
        return true;
    }
    return false;
  }


  private List<Base> opAnd(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    Equality l = asBool(left);
    Equality r = asBool(right);
    switch (l) {
    case False: return makeBoolean(false);
    case Null:
      if (r == Equality.False)
        return makeBoolean(false);
      else
        return makeNull();
    case True:
      switch (r) {
      case False: return makeBoolean(false);
      case Null: return makeNull();
      case True: return makeBoolean(true);
      }
    }
    return makeNull();
  }

  private boolean isBoolean(List<Base> list, boolean b) {
    return list.size() == 1 && list.get(0) instanceof BooleanType && ((BooleanType) list.get(0)).booleanValue() == b;
  }

  private List<Base> opOr(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    Equality l = asBool(left);
    Equality r = asBool(right);
    switch (l) {
    case True: return makeBoolean(true);
    case Null:
      if (r == Equality.True)
        return makeBoolean(true);
      else
        return makeNull();
    case False:
      switch (r) {
      case False: return makeBoolean(false);
      case Null: return makeNull();
      case True: return makeBoolean(true);
      }
    }
    return makeNull();
  }

  private List<Base> opXor(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    Equality l = asBool(left);
    Equality r = asBool(right);
    switch (l) {
    case True: 
      switch (r) {
      case False: return makeBoolean(true);
      case True: return makeBoolean(false);
      case Null: return makeNull();
      }
    case Null:
      return makeNull();
    case False:
      switch (r) {
      case False: return makeBoolean(false);
      case True: return makeBoolean(true);
      case Null: return makeNull();
      }
    }
    return makeNull();
  }

  private List<Base> opImplies(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    Equality eq = asBool(left);
    if (eq == Equality.False) 
      return makeBoolean(true);
    else if (right.size() == 0)
      return makeNull();
    else switch (asBool(right)) {
    case False: return eq == Equality.Null ? makeNull() : makeBoolean(false);
    case Null: return makeNull();
    case True: return makeBoolean(true);
    }
    return makeNull();
  }


  private List<Base> opMinus(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing -: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing -: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing -: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing -: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);

    if (l.hasType("integer") && r.hasType("integer")) 
      result.add(new IntegerType(Integer.parseInt(l.primitiveValue()) - Integer.parseInt(r.primitiveValue())));
    else if (l.hasType("decimal", "integer") && r.hasType("decimal", "integer")) 
      result.add(new DecimalType(new BigDecimal(l.primitiveValue()).subtract(new BigDecimal(r.primitiveValue()))));
    else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing -: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> opDivideBy(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing /: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(left.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing -: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing /: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(right.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing /: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);

    if (l.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt") && r.hasType("integer", "decimal", "unsignedInt", "positiveInt")) {
      Decimal d1;
      try {
        d1 = new Decimal(l.primitiveValue());
        Decimal d2 = new Decimal(r.primitiveValue());
        result.add(new DecimalType(d1.divide(d2).asDecimal()));
      } catch (UcumException e) {
        throw new PathEngineException(e);
      }
    } else if (l instanceof Quantity && r instanceof Quantity && worker.getUcumService() != null) {
      Pair pl = qtyToPair((Quantity) l);
      Pair pr = qtyToPair((Quantity) r);
      Pair p;
      try {
        p = worker.getUcumService().multiply(pl, pr);
        result.add(pairToQty(p));
      } catch (UcumException e) {
        throw new PathEngineException(e.getMessage(), e);
      }
    } else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing /: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> opDiv(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing div: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(left.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing div: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing div: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive() && !(right.get(0) instanceof Quantity))
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing div: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);

    if (l.hasType("integer") && r.hasType("integer")) 
      result.add(new IntegerType(Integer.parseInt(l.primitiveValue()) / Integer.parseInt(r.primitiveValue())));
    else if (l.hasType("decimal", "integer") && r.hasType("decimal", "integer")) { 
      Decimal d1;
      try {
        d1 = new Decimal(l.primitiveValue());
        Decimal d2 = new Decimal(r.primitiveValue());
        result.add(new IntegerType(d1.divInt(d2).asDecimal()));
      } catch (UcumException e) {
        throw new PathEngineException(e);
      }
    }
    else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing div: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> opMod(List<Base> left, List<Base> right) throws PathEngineException {
    if (left.size() == 0 || right.size() == 0) 
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (left.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing mod: left operand has more than one value");
    if (!left.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing mod: left operand has the wrong type (%s)", left.get(0).fhirType()));
    if (right.size() > 1)
      throw new PathEngineException("Error performing mod: right operand has more than one value");
    if (!right.get(0).isPrimitive())
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing mod: right operand has the wrong type (%s)", right.get(0).fhirType()));

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base l = left.get(0);
    Base r = right.get(0);

    if (l.hasType("integer") && r.hasType("integer")) 
      result.add(new IntegerType(Integer.parseInt(l.primitiveValue()) % Integer.parseInt(r.primitiveValue())));
    else if (l.hasType("decimal", "integer") && r.hasType("decimal", "integer")) {
      Decimal d1;
      try {
        d1 = new Decimal(l.primitiveValue());
        Decimal d2 = new Decimal(r.primitiveValue());
        result.add(new DecimalType(d1.modulo(d2).asDecimal()));
      } catch (UcumException e) {
        throw new PathEngineException(e);
      }
    }
    else
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Error performing mod: left and right operand have incompatible or illegal types (%s, %s)", left.get(0).fhirType(), right.get(0).fhirType()));
    return result;
  }


  private TypeDetails resolveConstantType(ExecutionTypeContext context, Base constant) throws PathEngineException {
    if (constant instanceof BooleanType) 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    else if (constant instanceof IntegerType)
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
    else if (constant instanceof DecimalType)
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
    else if (constant instanceof Quantity)
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Quantity);
    else if (constant instanceof FHIRConstant)
      return resolveConstantType(context, ((FHIRConstant) constant).getValue());
    else
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
  }

  private TypeDetails resolveConstantType(ExecutionTypeContext context, String s) throws PathEngineException {
    if (s.startsWith("@")) {
      if (s.startsWith("@T"))
        return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Time);
      else
        return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_DateTime);
    } else if (s.equals("%sct"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.equals("%loinc"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.equals("%ucum"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.equals("%resource")) {
      if (context.resource == null)
        throw new PathEngineException("%resource cannot be used in this context");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, context.resource);
    } else if (s.equals("%rootResource")) {
      if (context.resource == null)
        throw new PathEngineException("%rootResource cannot be used in this context");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, context.resource);
    } else if (s.equals("%context")) {
      return context.context;
    } else if (s.equals("%map-codes"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.equals("%us-zip"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.startsWith("%`vs-"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.startsWith("%`cs-"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (s.startsWith("%`ext-"))
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    else if (hostServices == null)
      throw new PathEngineException("Unknown fixed constant type for '"+s+"'");
    else
      return hostServices.resolveConstantType(context.appInfo, s);
  }

        private List<Base> execute(ExecutionContext context, Base item, ExpressionNode exp, boolean atEntry) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>(); 
    if (atEntry && context.appInfo != null && hostServices != null) {
      // we'll see if the name matches a constant known by the context.
      Base temp = hostServices.resolveConstant(context.appInfo, exp.getName(), true);
      if (temp != null) {
        result.add(temp);
        return result;
      }
    }
    if (atEntry && Character.isUpperCase(exp.getName().charAt(0))) {// special case for start up
      if (item.isResource() && item.fhirType().equals(exp.getName()))  
        result.add(item);
    } else 
      getChildrenByName(item, exp.getName(), result);
    if (atEntry && context.appInfo != null && hostServices != null && result.isEmpty()) {
      // well, we didn't get a match on the name - we'll see if the name matches a constant known by the context.
      // (if the name does match, and the user wants to get the constant value, they'll have to try harder...
      Base temp = hostServices.resolveConstant(context.appInfo, exp.getName(), false);
      if (temp != null) {
        result.add(temp);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }     

  private TypeDetails executeContextType(ExecutionTypeContext context, String name) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    if (hostServices == null)
      throw new PathEngineException("Unable to resolve context reference since no host services are provided");
    return hostServices.resolveConstantType(context.appInfo, name);
  }
  
  private TypeDetails executeType(String type, ExpressionNode exp, boolean atEntry) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    if (atEntry && Character.isUpperCase(exp.getName().charAt(0)) && hashTail(type).equals(exp.getName())) // special case for start up
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, type);
    TypeDetails result = new TypeDetails(null);
    getChildTypesByName(type, exp.getName(), result);
    return result;
  }


  private String hashTail(String type) {
    return type.contains("#") ? "" : type.substring(type.lastIndexOf("/")+1);
  }


  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private TypeDetails evaluateFunctionType(ExecutionTypeContext context, TypeDetails focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    List<TypeDetails> paramTypes = new ArrayList<TypeDetails>();
    if (exp.getFunction() == Function.Is || exp.getFunction() == Function.As || exp.getFunction() == Function.OfType)
      paramTypes.add(new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String));
    else
      for (ExpressionNode expr : exp.getParameters()) {
        if (exp.getFunction() == Function.Where || exp.getFunction() == Function.All || exp.getFunction() == Function.Select || exp.getFunction() == Function.Repeat || exp.getFunction() == Function.Aggregate)
          paramTypes.add(executeType(changeThis(context, focus), focus, expr, true));
        else
          paramTypes.add(executeType(context, focus, expr, true));
      }
    switch (exp.getFunction()) {
    case Empty : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Not : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Exists : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case SubsetOf : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, focus); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case SupersetOf : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, focus); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case IsDistinct : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Distinct : 
      return focus;
    case Count : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
    case Where : 
      return focus;
    case Select : 
      return anything(focus.getCollectionStatus());
    case All : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Repeat : 
      return anything(focus.getCollectionStatus());
    case Aggregate : 
      return anything(focus.getCollectionStatus());
    case Item : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "item");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer)); 
      return focus; 
    }
    case As : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, exp.getParameters().get(0).getName());
    }
    case OfType : { 
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, exp.getParameters().get(0).getName());
    }
    case Type : { 
      boolean s = false;
      boolean c = false;
      for (ProfiledType pt : focus.getProfiledTypes()) {
        s = s || pt.isSystemType();
        c = c || !pt.isSystemType();
      }
      if (s && c)
        return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_SimpleTypeInfo, TypeDetails.FP_ClassInfo);
      else if (s)
        return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_SimpleTypeInfo);
      else
        return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_ClassInfo);
    }
    case Is : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case Single :
      return focus.toSingleton();
    case First : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "first");
      return focus.toSingleton();
    }
    case Last : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "last");
      return focus.toSingleton();
    }
    case Tail : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "tail");
      return focus;
    }
    case Skip : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "skip");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer)); 
      return focus;
    }
    case Take : {
      checkOrdered(focus, "take");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer)); 
      return focus;
    }
    case Union : {
      return focus.union(paramTypes.get(0));
    }
    case Combine : {
      return focus.union(paramTypes.get(0));
    }
    case Intersect : {
      return focus.intersect(paramTypes.get(0));
    }
    case Exclude : {
      return focus;
    }
    case Iif : {
      TypeDetails types = new TypeDetails(null);
      types.update(paramTypes.get(0));
      if (paramTypes.size() > 1)
        types.update(paramTypes.get(1));
      return types;
    }
    case Lower : {
      checkContextString(focus, "lower");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String); 
    }
    case Upper : {
      checkContextString(focus, "upper");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String); 
    }
    case ToChars : {
      checkContextString(focus, "toChars");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.ORDERED, TypeDetails.FP_String); 
    }
    case IndexOf : {
      checkContextString(focus, "indexOf");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer); 
    }
    case Substring : {
      checkContextString(focus, "subString");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer), new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String); 
    }
    case StartsWith : {
      checkContextString(focus, "startsWith");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case EndsWith : {
      checkContextString(focus, "endsWith");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case Matches : {
      checkContextString(focus, "matches");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean); 
    }
    case ReplaceMatches : {
      checkContextString(focus, "replaceMatches");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String), new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String); 
    }
    case Contains : {
      checkContextString(focus, "contains");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    }
    case Replace : {
      checkContextString(focus, "replace");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, "string"), new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    }
    case Length : { 
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "length", false);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
    }
    case Children : 
      return childTypes(focus, "*");
    case Descendants : 
      return childTypes(focus, "**");
    case MemberOf : {
      checkContextCoded(focus, "memberOf");
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    }
    case Trace : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return focus; 
    }
    case Check : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return focus; 
    }
    case Today : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_DateTime);
    case Now : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_DateTime);
    case Resolve : {
      checkContextReference(focus, "resolve");
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, "DomainResource"); 
    }
    case Extension : {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, "Extension"); 
    }
    case AnyTrue: 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case AllTrue: 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case AnyFalse: 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case AllFalse: 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case HasValue : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case HtmlChecks : 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    case Alias : 
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return anything(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON); 
    case AliasAs : 
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return focus; 
    case ToInteger : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toInteger", true);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Integer);
    }
    case ToDecimal : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toDecimal", true);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Decimal);
    }
    case ToString : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toString", true);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String);
    }
    case ToQuantity : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toQuantity", true);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Quantity);
    }
    case ToBoolean : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toBoolean", false);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    }
    case ToDateTime : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toBoolean", false);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_DateTime);
    }
    case ToTime : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, "toBoolean", false);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Time);
    }
    case ConvertsToString : 
    case ConvertsToQuantity :{
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, exp.getFunction().toCode(), true);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    } 
    case ConvertsToInteger : 
    case ConvertsToDecimal : 
    case ConvertsToDateTime : 
    case ConvertsToTime : 
    case ConvertsToBoolean : {
      checkContextPrimitive(focus, exp.getFunction().toCode(), false);
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);
    }
    case ConformsTo: {
      checkParamTypes(exp.getFunction().toCode(), paramTypes, new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_String)); 
      return new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.SINGLETON, TypeDetails.FP_Boolean);       
    }
    case Custom : {
      return hostServices.checkFunction(context.appInfo, exp.getName(), paramTypes);
    }
    default:
      break;
    }
    throw new Error("not Implemented yet");
  }


  private void checkParamTypes(String funcName, List<TypeDetails> paramTypes, TypeDetails... typeSet) throws PathEngineException {
    int i = 0;
    for (TypeDetails pt : typeSet) {
      if (i == paramTypes.size())
        return;
      TypeDetails actual = paramTypes.get(i);
      i++;
      for (String a : actual.getTypes()) {
        if (!pt.hasType(worker, a))
          throw new PathEngineException("The parameter type '"+a+"' is not legal for "+funcName+" parameter "+Integer.toString(i)+". expecting "+pt.toString()); 
      }
    }
  }

  private void checkOrdered(TypeDetails focus, String name) throws PathEngineException {
    if (focus.getCollectionStatus() == CollectionStatus.UNORDERED)
      throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on ordered collections"); 
  }

  private void checkContextReference(TypeDetails focus, String name) throws PathEngineException {
    if (!focus.hasType(worker, "string") && !focus.hasType(worker, "uri") && !focus.hasType(worker, "Reference") && !focus.hasType(worker, "canonical"))
      throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on string, uri, canonical, Reference"); 
  }


  private void checkContextCoded(TypeDetails focus, String name) throws PathEngineException {
    if (!focus.hasType(worker, "string") && !focus.hasType(worker, "code") && !focus.hasType(worker, "uri") && !focus.hasType(worker, "Coding") && !focus.hasType(worker, "CodeableConcept"))
      throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on string, code, uri, Coding, CodeableConcept");     
  }


  private void checkContextString(TypeDetails focus, String name) throws PathEngineException {
    if (!focus.hasType(worker, "string") && !focus.hasType(worker, "code") && !focus.hasType(worker, "uri") && !focus.hasType(worker, "canonical") && !focus.hasType(worker, "id"))
      throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on string, uri, code, id, but found "+focus.describe()); 
  }


  private void checkContextPrimitive(TypeDetails focus, String name, boolean canQty) throws PathEngineException {
    if (canQty) {
       if (!focus.hasType(primitiveTypes) && !focus.hasType("Quantity"))
        throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on a Quantity or on "+primitiveTypes.toString()); 
    } else if (!focus.hasType(primitiveTypes))
      throw new PathEngineException("The function '"+name+"'() can only be used on "+primitiveTypes.toString()); 
  }


  private TypeDetails childTypes(TypeDetails focus, String mask) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    TypeDetails result = new TypeDetails(CollectionStatus.UNORDERED);
    for (String f : focus.getTypes()) 
      getChildTypesByName(f, mask, result);
    return result;
  }

  private TypeDetails anything(CollectionStatus status) {
    return new TypeDetails(status, allTypes.keySet());
  }

  //    private boolean isPrimitiveType(String s) {
  //            return s.equals("boolean") || s.equals("integer") || s.equals("decimal") || s.equals("base64Binary") || s.equals("instant") || s.equals("string") || s.equals("uri") || s.equals("date") || s.equals("dateTime") || s.equals("time") || s.equals("code") || s.equals("oid") || s.equals("id") || s.equals("unsignedInt") || s.equals("positiveInt") || s.equals("markdown");
  //    }

        private List<Base> evaluateFunction(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    switch (exp.getFunction()) {
    case Empty : return funcEmpty(context, focus, exp);
    case Not : return funcNot(context, focus, exp);
    case Exists : return funcExists(context, focus, exp);
    case SubsetOf : return funcSubsetOf(context, focus, exp);
    case SupersetOf : return funcSupersetOf(context, focus, exp);
    case IsDistinct : return funcIsDistinct(context, focus, exp);
    case Distinct : return funcDistinct(context, focus, exp);
    case Count : return funcCount(context, focus, exp);
    case Where : return funcWhere(context, focus, exp);
    case Select : return funcSelect(context, focus, exp);
    case All : return funcAll(context, focus, exp);
    case Repeat : return funcRepeat(context, focus, exp);
    case Aggregate : return funcAggregate(context, focus, exp);
    case Item : return funcItem(context, focus, exp);
    case As : return funcAs(context, focus, exp);
    case OfType : return funcAs(context, focus, exp);
    case Type : return funcType(context, focus, exp);
    case Is : return funcIs(context, focus, exp);
    case Single : return funcSingle(context, focus, exp);
    case First : return funcFirst(context, focus, exp);
    case Last : return funcLast(context, focus, exp);
    case Tail : return funcTail(context, focus, exp);
    case Skip : return funcSkip(context, focus, exp);
    case Take : return funcTake(context, focus, exp);
    case Union : return funcUnion(context, focus, exp);
    case Combine : return funcCombine(context, focus, exp);
    case Intersect : return funcIntersect(context, focus, exp);
    case Exclude : return funcExclude(context, focus, exp);
    case Iif : return funcIif(context, focus, exp);
    case Lower : return funcLower(context, focus, exp);
    case Upper : return funcUpper(context, focus, exp);
    case ToChars : return funcToChars(context, focus, exp);
    case IndexOf : return funcIndexOf(context, focus, exp);
    case Substring : return funcSubstring(context, focus, exp);
    case StartsWith : return funcStartsWith(context, focus, exp);
    case EndsWith : return funcEndsWith(context, focus, exp);
    case Matches : return funcMatches(context, focus, exp);
    case ReplaceMatches : return funcReplaceMatches(context, focus, exp);
    case Contains : return funcContains(context, focus, exp);
    case Replace : return funcReplace(context, focus, exp);
    case Length : return funcLength(context, focus, exp);
    case Children : return funcChildren(context, focus, exp);
    case Descendants : return funcDescendants(context, focus, exp);
    case MemberOf : return funcMemberOf(context, focus, exp);
    case Trace : return funcTrace(context, focus, exp);
    case Check : return funcCheck(context, focus, exp);
    case Today : return funcToday(context, focus, exp);
    case Now : return funcNow(context, focus, exp);
    case Resolve : return funcResolve(context, focus, exp);
    case Extension : return funcExtension(context, focus, exp);
    case AnyFalse: return funcAnyFalse(context, focus, exp);
    case AllFalse: return funcAllFalse(context, focus, exp);
    case AnyTrue: return funcAnyTrue(context, focus, exp);
    case AllTrue: return funcAllTrue(context, focus, exp);
    case HasValue : return funcHasValue(context, focus, exp);
    case AliasAs : return funcAliasAs(context, focus, exp);
    case Alias : return funcAlias(context, focus, exp);
    case HtmlChecks : return funcHtmlChecks(context, focus, exp);
    case ToInteger : return funcToInteger(context, focus, exp);
    case ToDecimal : return funcToDecimal(context, focus, exp);
    case ToString : return funcToString(context, focus, exp);
    case ToBoolean : return funcToBoolean(context, focus, exp);
    case ToQuantity : return funcToQuantity(context, focus, exp);
    case ToDateTime : return funcToDateTime(context, focus, exp);
    case ToTime : return funcToTime(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToInteger : return funcIsInteger(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToDecimal : return funcIsDecimal(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToString : return funcIsString(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToBoolean : return funcIsBoolean(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToQuantity : return funcIsQuantity(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToDateTime : return funcIsDateTime(context, focus, exp);
    case ConvertsToTime : return funcIsTime(context, focus, exp);
    case ConformsTo : return funcConformsTo(context, focus, exp); 
    case Custom: { 
      List<List<Base>> params = new ArrayList<List<Base>>();
      for (ExpressionNode p : exp.getParameters()) 
        params.add(execute(context, focus, p, true));
      return hostServices.executeFunction(context.appInfo, exp.getName(), params);
    }
    default:
      throw new Error("not Implemented yet");
    }
  }

        private List<Base> funcAliasAs(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> nl = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    String name = nl.get(0).primitiveValue();
    context.addAlias(name, focus);
    return focus;
  }

  private List<Base> funcAlias(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> nl = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    String name = nl.get(0).primitiveValue();
    List<Base> res = new ArrayList<Base>();
    Base b = context.getAlias(name);
    if (b != null)
      res.add(b);
    return res;    
  }

  private List<Base> funcHtmlChecks(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    // todo: actually check the HTML
    return makeBoolean(true);    
  }

  
  private List<Base> funcAll(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (exp.getParameters().size() == 1) {
      List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
      boolean all = true;
      for (Base item : focus) {
        pc.clear();
        pc.add(item);
        Equality eq = asBool(execute(changeThis(context, item), pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
        if (eq != Equality.True) {
          all = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
    } else {// (exp.getParameters().size() == 0) {
      boolean all = true;
      for (Base item : focus) {
        Equality eq = asBool(item);
        if (eq != Equality.True) {
          all = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }


  private ExecutionContext changeThis(ExecutionContext context, Base newThis) {
    return new ExecutionContext(context.appInfo, context.focusResource, context.rootResource, context.context, context.aliases, newThis);
  }

  private ExecutionTypeContext changeThis(ExecutionTypeContext context, TypeDetails newThis) {
    return new ExecutionTypeContext(context.appInfo, context.resource, context.context, newThis);
  }


  private List<Base> funcNow(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(DateTimeType.now());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcToday(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(new DateType(new Date(), TemporalPrecisionEnum.DAY));
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcMemberOf(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    throw new Error("not Implemented yet");
  }


  private List<Base> funcDescendants(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> current = new ArrayList<Base>();
    current.addAll(focus);
    List<Base> added = new ArrayList<Base>();
    boolean more = true;
    while (more) {
      added.clear();
      for (Base item : current) {
        getChildrenByName(item, "*", added);
      }
      more = !added.isEmpty();
      result.addAll(added);
      current.clear();
      current.addAll(added);
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcChildren(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base b : focus)
      getChildrenByName(b, "*", result);
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcReplace(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException, PathEngineException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();

    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String f = convertToString(focus.get(0));

      if (!Utilities.noString(f)) {

        if (exp.getParameters().size() == 2) {

          String t = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
          String r = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true));

          String n = f.replace(t, r);
          result.add(new StringType(n));
        }
        else {
          throw new PathEngineException(String.format("funcReplace() : checking for 2 arguments (pattern, substitution) but found %d items", exp.getParameters().size()));
        }
      }
      else {
        throw new PathEngineException(String.format("funcReplace() : checking for 1 string item but found empty item"));
      }
    }
    else {
      throw new PathEngineException(String.format("funcReplace() : checking for 1 string item but found %d items", focus.size()));
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcReplaceMatches(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String regex = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
    String repl = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true));

    if (focus.size() == 1 && !Utilities.noString(regex))
      result.add(new StringType(convertToString(focus.get(0)).replaceAll(regex, repl)).noExtensions());
    else
      result.add(new StringType(convertToString(focus.get(0))).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcEndsWith(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String sw = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));

    if (focus.size() == 0)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (Utilities.noString(sw))
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else {
      if (focus.size() == 1 && !Utilities.noString(sw))
        result.add(new BooleanType(convertToString(focus.get(0)).endsWith(sw)).noExtensions());
      else
        result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcToString(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(new StringType(convertToString(focus)).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcToBoolean(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      if (focus.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
        result.add(focus.get(0));
      else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType) {
        int i = Integer.parseInt(focus.get(0).primitiveValue());
        if (i == 0)
          result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
        else if (i == 1)
          result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
      } else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DecimalType) {
        if (((DecimalType) focus.get(0)).getValue().compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0)
          result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
        else if (((DecimalType) focus.get(0)).getValue().compareTo(BigDecimal.ONE) == 0)
          result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
      } else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType) {
        if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(focus.get(0).primitiveValue()))
          result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
        else if ("false".equalsIgnoreCase(focus.get(0).primitiveValue()))
          result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions()); 
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcToQuantity(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      if (focus.get(0) instanceof Quantity) 
        result.add(focus.get(0));
      else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType) {
        Quantity q = parseQuantityString(focus.get(0).primitiveValue());
        if (q != null)
          result.add(q.noExtensions());
      } else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType) {
        result.add(new Quantity().setValue(new BigDecimal(focus.get(0).primitiveValue())).setSystem("http://unitsofmeasure.org").setCode("1").noExtensions());
      } else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DecimalType) {
        result.add(new Quantity().setValue(new BigDecimal(focus.get(0).primitiveValue())).setSystem("http://unitsofmeasure.org").setCode("1").noExtensions());
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcToDateTime(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
//  List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
//  result.add(new BooleanType(convertToBoolean(focus)));
//  return result;
  throw new NotImplementedException("funcToDateTime is not implemented");
}

  private List<Base> funcToTime(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
//  List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
//  result.add(new BooleanType(convertToBoolean(focus)));
//  return result;
  throw new NotImplementedException("funcToTime is not implemented");
}


  private List<Base> funcToDecimal(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    String s = convertToString(focus);
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (Utilities.isDecimal(s, true))
      result.add(new DecimalType(s).noExtensions());
    if ("true".equals(s))
      result.add(new DecimalType(1).noExtensions());
    if ("false".equals(s))
      result.add(new DecimalType(0).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcIif(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> n1 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    Equality v = asBool(n1);

    if (v == Equality.True)
      return execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true);
    else if (exp.getParameters().size() < 3)
      return new ArrayList<Base>();
    else
      return execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(2), true);
  }


  private List<Base> funcTake(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> n1 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    int i1 = Integer.parseInt(n1.get(0).primitiveValue());

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (int i = 0; i < Math.min(focus.size(), i1); i++)
      result.add(focus.get(i));
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcUnion(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      if (!doContains(result, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    for (Base item : execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true)) {
      if (!doContains(result, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcCombine(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      result.add(item);
    }
    for (Base item : execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true)) {
      result.add(item);
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIntersect(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> other = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    
    for (Base item : focus) {
      if (!doContains(result, item) && doContains(other, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    return result;    
  }

  private List<Base> funcExclude(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> other = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    
    for (Base item : focus) {
      if (!doContains(other, item))
        result.add(item);
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcSingle(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws PathEngineException {
    if (focus.size() == 1)
      return focus;
    throw new PathEngineException(String.format("Single() : checking for 1 item but found %d items", focus.size()));
  }


  private List<Base> funcIs(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws PathEngineException {
    if (focus.size() == 0 || focus.size() > 1) 
      return makeBoolean(false);
    String ns = null;
    String n = null;
    
    ExpressionNode texp = exp.getParameters().get(0);
    if (texp.getKind() != Kind.Name)
      throw new PathEngineException("Unsupported Expression type for Parameter on Is");
    if (texp.getInner() != null) {
      if (texp.getInner().getKind() != Kind.Name)
        throw new PathEngineException("Unsupported Expression type for Parameter on Is");
      ns = texp.getName();
      n = texp.getInner().getName();
    } else if (Utilities.existsInList(texp.getName(), "Boolean", "Integer", "Decimal", "String", "DateTime", "Time", "SimpleTypeInfo", "ClassInfo")) {
      ns = "System";
      n = texp.getName();
    } else {
      ns = "FHIR";
      n = texp.getName();        
    }
    if (ns.equals("System")) {
      if (focus.get(0) instanceof Resource)
        return makeBoolean(false);
      if (!(focus.get(0) instanceof Element) || ((Element) focus.get(0)).isDisallowExtensions())
        return makeBoolean(n.equals(Utilities.capitalize(focus.get(0).fhirType())));
      else
        return makeBoolean(false);
    } else if (ns.equals("FHIR")) {
      return makeBoolean(n.equals(focus.get(0).fhirType()));
    } else { 
      return makeBoolean(false);
    }
  }


  private List<Base> funcAs(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String tn;
    if (exp.getParameters().get(0).getInner() != null)
      tn = exp.getParameters().get(0).getName()+"."+exp.getParameters().get(0).getInner().getName();
    else
      tn = "FHIR."+exp.getParameters().get(0).getName();
    for (Base b : focus) {
      if (tn.startsWith("System.")) {
          if (b instanceof Element &&((Element) b).isDisallowExtensions()) 
            if (b.hasType(tn.substring(7))) 
              result.add(b);
      } else if (tn.startsWith("FHIR.")) {
          if (b.hasType(tn.substring(5))) 
            result.add(b);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcType(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus)
      result.add(new ClassTypeInfo(item));
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcRepeat(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> current = new ArrayList<Base>();
    current.addAll(focus);
    List<Base> added = new ArrayList<Base>();
    boolean more = true;
    while (more) {
      added.clear();
      List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
      for (Base item : current) {
        pc.clear();
        pc.add(item);
        added.addAll(execute(changeThis(context, item), pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), false));
      }
      more = !added.isEmpty();
      result.addAll(added);
      current.clear();
      current.addAll(added);
    }
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcAggregate(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> total = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (exp.parameterCount() > 1)
      total = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), false);

    List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      ExecutionContext c = changeThis(context, item);
      c.total = total;
      total = execute(c, pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    }
    return total;
  }



  private List<Base> funcIsDistinct(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    if (focus.size() < 1)
      return makeBoolean(true);
    if (focus.size() == 1)
      return makeBoolean(true);

    boolean distinct = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < focus.size(); i++) {
      for (int j = i+1; j < focus.size(); j++) {
        Boolean eq = doEquals(focus.get(j), focus.get(i));
        if (eq == null) {
          return new ArrayList<Base>();
        } else if (eq == true) {
          distinct = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return makeBoolean(distinct);
  }


  private List<Base> funcSupersetOf(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> target = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);

    boolean valid = true;
    for (Base item : target) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (Base t : focus) {
        if (Base.compareDeep(item, t, false)) {
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!found) {
        valid = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(new BooleanType(valid).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcSubsetOf(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> target = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);

    boolean valid = true;
    for (Base item : focus) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (Base t : target) {
        if (Base.compareDeep(item, t, false)) {
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!found) {
        valid = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(new BooleanType(valid).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcExists(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    boolean empty = true;
    for (Base f : focus)
      if (!f.isEmpty())
        empty = false;
    result.add(new BooleanType(!empty).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }


  private List<Base> funcResolve(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      String s = convertToString(item);
      if (item.fhirType().equals("Reference")) {
        Property p = item.getChildByName("reference");
        if (p != null && p.hasValues())
          s = convertToString(p.getValues().get(0));
        else
          s = null; // a reference without any valid actual reference (just identifier or display, but we can't resolve it)
      }
      if (item.fhirType().equals("canonical")) {
        s = item.primitiveValue();
      }
      if (s != null) {
        Base res = null;
        if (s.startsWith("#")) {
          Property p = context.rootResource.getChildByName("contained");
          for (Base c : p.getValues()) {
            if (chompHash(s).equals(chompHash(c.getIdBase()))) {
              res = c;
              break;
            }
          }
        } else if (hostServices != null) {
          res = hostServices.resolveReference(context.appInfo, s);
        }
        if (res != null)
          result.add(res);
      }
    }

    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Strips a leading hashmark (#) if present at the start of a string
   */
  private String chompHash(String theId) {
    String retVal = theId;
    while (retVal.startsWith("#")) {
      retVal = retVal.substring(1);
    }
    return retVal;
  }

  private List<Base> funcExtension(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> nl = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    String url = nl.get(0).primitiveValue();

    for (Base item : focus) {
      List<Base> ext = new ArrayList<Base>();
      getChildrenByName(item, "extension", ext);
      getChildrenByName(item, "modifierExtension", ext);
      for (Base ex : ext) {
        List<Base> vl = new ArrayList<Base>();
        getChildrenByName(ex, "url", vl);
        if (convertToString(vl).equals(url))
          result.add(ex);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

        private List<Base> funcAllFalse(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
          List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
          if (exp.getParameters().size() == 1) {
            boolean all = true;
            List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
            for (Base item : focus) {
              pc.clear();
              pc.add(item);
              List<Base> res = execute(context, pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
              Equality v = asBool(res);
              if (v != Equality.False) {
                all = false;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
          } else { 
            boolean all = true;
            for (Base item : focus) {
              Equality v = asBool(item);
        if (v != Equality.False) {
                all = false;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
          }
          return result;
        }
  
        private List<Base> funcAnyFalse(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
          List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
          if (exp.getParameters().size() == 1) {
            boolean any = false;
            List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
            for (Base item : focus) {
              pc.clear();
              pc.add(item);
              List<Base> res = execute(context, pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
              Equality v = asBool(res);
        if (v == Equality.False) {
                any = true;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(any).noExtensions());
          } else {
            boolean any = false;
            for (Base item : focus) {
              Equality v = asBool(item);
        if (v == Equality.False) {
                any = true;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(any).noExtensions());
          }
          return result;
        }
  
        private List<Base> funcAllTrue(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
          List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
          if (exp.getParameters().size() == 1) {
            boolean all = true;
            List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
            for (Base item : focus) {
              pc.clear();
              pc.add(item);
              List<Base> res = execute(context, pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
              Equality v = asBool(res);
        if (v != Equality.True) {
                all = false;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
          } else { 
            boolean all = true;
            for (Base item : focus) {
              Equality v = asBool(item);
        if (v != Equality.True) {
                all = false;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(all).noExtensions());
          }
          return result;
        }

        private List<Base> funcAnyTrue(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
          List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
          if (exp.getParameters().size() == 1) {
            boolean any = false;
            List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
            for (Base item : focus) {
              pc.clear();
              pc.add(item);
              List<Base> res = execute(context, pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
              Equality v = asBool(res);
        if (v == Equality.True) {
                any = true;
                break;
              }
            }
            result.add(new BooleanType(any).noExtensions());
          } else {
            boolean any = false;
      for (Base item : focus) {
        Equality v = asBool(item);
        if (v == Equality.True) {
                  any = true;
                  break;
                }
      }
      result.add(new BooleanType(any).noExtensions());
          }
          return result;
        }

        private List<Base> funcTrace(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> nl = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    String name = nl.get(0).primitiveValue();
    if (exp.getParameters().size() == 2) {
      List<Base> n2 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true);
      log(name, n2);
    } else 
      log(name, focus);
    return focus;
  }

  private List<Base> funcCheck(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> n1 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    if (!convertToBoolean(n1)) {
      List<Base> n2 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true);
      String name = n2.get(0).primitiveValue();
      throw new FHIRException("check failed: "+name);
    }
    return focus;
  }

  private List<Base> funcDistinct(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    if (focus.size() <= 1)
      return focus;

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (int i = 0; i < focus.size(); i++) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (int j = i+1; j < focus.size(); j++) {
        Boolean eq = doEquals(focus.get(j), focus.get(i));
        if (eq == null)
          return new ArrayList<Base>();
        else if (eq == true) {
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!found)
        result.add(focus.get(i));
    }
    return result;
  }

        private List<Base> funcMatches(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String sw = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));

    if (focus.size() == 1 && !Utilities.noString(sw)) {
      String st = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (Utilities.noString(st))
        result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
      else {
        boolean ok = st.matches(sw);
        result.add(new BooleanType(ok).noExtensions());
      }
    } else
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

        private List<Base> funcContains(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String sw = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));

    if (focus.size() != 1) {
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    } else if (Utilities.noString(sw)) {
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    } else {
      String st = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (Utilities.noString(st))
        result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
      else
        result.add(new BooleanType(st.contains(sw)).noExtensions());
    } 
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcLength(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      result.add(new IntegerType(s.length()).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcHasValue(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      result.add(new BooleanType(!Utilities.noString(s)).noExtensions());
    } else
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

        private List<Base> funcStartsWith(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String sw = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));

    if (focus.size() == 0) {
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    } else if (Utilities.noString(sw)) {
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    } else {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (s == null)
        result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
      else
        result.add(new BooleanType(s.startsWith(sw)).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcLower(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (!Utilities.noString(s)) 
        result.add(new StringType(s.toLowerCase()).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcUpper(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (!Utilities.noString(s)) 
        result.add(new StringType(s.toUpperCase()).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcToChars(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      for (char c : s.toCharArray())  
        result.add(new StringType(String.valueOf(c)).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }
  
  private List<Base> funcIndexOf(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    
    String sw = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
    if (focus.size() == 0) {
      result.add(new IntegerType(0).noExtensions());
    } else if (Utilities.noString(sw)) {
      result.add(new IntegerType(0).noExtensions());
    } else {
      String s = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      if (s == null)
        result.add(new IntegerType(0).noExtensions());
      else
        result.add(new IntegerType(s.indexOf(sw)).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

        private List<Base> funcSubstring(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> n1 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    int i1 = Integer.parseInt(n1.get(0).primitiveValue());
    int i2 = -1;
    if (exp.parameterCount() == 2) {
      List<Base> n2 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(1), true);
      i2 = Integer.parseInt(n2.get(0).primitiveValue());
    }

    if (focus.size() == 1) {
      String sw = convertToString(focus.get(0));
      String s;
      if (i1 < 0 || i1 >= sw.length())
        return new ArrayList<Base>();
      if (exp.parameterCount() == 2)
        s = sw.substring(i1, Math.min(sw.length(), i1+i2));
      else
        s = sw.substring(i1);
      if (!Utilities.noString(s)) 
        result.add(new StringType(s).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcToInteger(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    String s = convertToString(focus);
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (Utilities.isInteger(s))
      result.add(new IntegerType(s).noExtensions());
    else if ("true".equals(s))
      result.add(new IntegerType(1).noExtensions());
    else if ("false".equals(s))
      result.add(new IntegerType(0).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsInteger(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(Utilities.isInteger(convertToString(focus.get(0)))).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsBoolean(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(((IntegerType) focus.get(0)).getValue() >= 0 && ((IntegerType) focus.get(0)).getValue() <= 1).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DecimalType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(((DecimalType) focus.get(0)).getValue().compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0 || ((DecimalType) focus.get(0)).getValue().compareTo(BigDecimal.ONE) == 0).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(Utilities.existsInList(convertToString(focus.get(0)).toLowerCase(), "true", "false")).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsDateTime(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DateTimeType || focus.get(0) instanceof DateType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType)
      result.add(new BooleanType((convertToString(focus.get(0)).matches
          ("([0-9]([0-9]([0-9][1-9]|[1-9]0)|[1-9]00)|[1-9]000)(-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])(-(0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1])(T([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):[0-5][0-9]:([0-5][0-9]|60)(\\.[0-9]+)?(Z|(\\+|-)((0[0-9]|1[0-3]):[0-5][0-9]|14:00))?)?)?)?"))).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcConformsTo(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    if (hostServices == null)
      throw new FHIRException("Unable to check conformsTo - no hostservices provided");
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else {
      String url = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
      result.add(new BooleanType(hostServices.conformsToProfile(context.appInfo,  focus.get(0), url)).noExtensions());
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsTime(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof TimeType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType)
      result.add(new BooleanType((convertToString(focus.get(0)).matches
          ("T([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):[0-5][0-9]:([0-5][0-9]|60)(\\.[0-9]+)?(Z|(\\+|-)((0[0-9]|1[0-3]):[0-5][0-9]|14:00))?"))).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsString(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (!(focus.get(0) instanceof DateTimeType) && !(focus.get(0) instanceof TimeType))
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcIsQuantity(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DecimalType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof Quantity)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else  if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType) {
      Quantity q = parseQuantityString(focus.get(0).primitiveValue());
      result.add(new BooleanType(q != null).noExtensions());
    } else
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  public Quantity parseQuantityString(String s) {
    if (s == null)
      return null;
    s = s.trim();
    if (s.contains(" ")) {
      String v = s.substring(0, s.indexOf(" ")).trim();
      s = s.substring(s.indexOf(" ")).trim();
      if (!Utilities.isDecimal(v, false))
        return null;
      if (s.startsWith("'") && s.endsWith("'"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, s.substring(1, s.length()-1));
      if (s.equals("year") || s.equals("years"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "a");
      else if (s.equals("month") || s.equals("months"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "mo");
      else if (s.equals("week") || s.equals("weeks"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "wk");
      else if (s.equals("day") || s.equals("days"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "d");
      else if (s.equals("hour") || s.equals("hours"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "h");
      else if (s.equals("minute") || s.equals("minutes"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "min");
      else if (s.equals("second") || s.equals("seconds"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "s");
      else if (s.equals("millisecond") || s.equals("milliseconds"))
        return Quantity.fromUcum(v, "ms");
      else
        return null;      
    } else {
      if (Utilities.isDecimal(s, true))
        return new Quantity().setValue(new BigDecimal(s)).setSystem("http://unitsofmeasure.org").setCode("1");
      else
        return null;
    }
  }


  private List<Base> funcIsDecimal(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() != 1)
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof IntegerType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof BooleanType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof DecimalType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(true).noExtensions());
    else if (focus.get(0) instanceof StringType)
      result.add(new BooleanType(Utilities.isDecimal(convertToString(focus.get(0)), true)).noExtensions());
    else 
      result.add(new BooleanType(false).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcCount(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    result.add(new IntegerType(focus.size()).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcSkip(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> n1 = execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true);
    int i1 = Integer.parseInt(n1.get(0).primitiveValue());

    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (int i = i1; i < focus.size(); i++)
      result.add(focus.get(i));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcTail(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (int i = 1; i < focus.size(); i++)
      result.add(focus.get(i));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcLast(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() > 0)
      result.add(focus.get(focus.size()-1));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcFirst(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    if (focus.size() > 0)
      result.add(focus.get(0));
    return result;
  }


        private List<Base> funcWhere(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      pc.clear();
      pc.add(item);
      Equality v = asBool(execute(changeThis(context, item), pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
      if (v == Equality.True)
        result.add(item);
    }
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcSelect(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    List<Base> pc = new ArrayList<Base>();
    for (Base item : focus) {
      pc.clear();
      pc.add(item);
      result.addAll(execute(changeThis(context, item), pc, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
    }
    return result;
  }


        private List<Base> funcItem(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws FHIRException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
    String s = convertToString(execute(context, focus, exp.getParameters().get(0), true));
    if (Utilities.isInteger(s) && Integer.parseInt(s) < focus.size())
      result.add(focus.get(Integer.parseInt(s)));
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcEmpty(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();
                result.add(new BooleanType(ElementUtil.isEmpty(focus)).noExtensions());
    return result;
  }

  private List<Base> funcNot(ExecutionContext context, List<Base> focus, ExpressionNode exp) throws PathEngineException {
    List<Base> result = new ArrayList<Base>();  
    Equality v = asBool(focus);
    if (v != Equality.Null)
      result.add(new BooleanType(v != Equality.True));
    return result;
  }

  public class ElementDefinitionMatch {
    private ElementDefinition definition;
    private String fixedType;
    public ElementDefinitionMatch(ElementDefinition definition, String fixedType) {
      super();
      this.definition = definition;
      this.fixedType = fixedType;
    }
    public ElementDefinition getDefinition() {
      return definition;
    }
    public String getFixedType() {
      return fixedType;
    }

  }

  private void getChildTypesByName(String type, String name, TypeDetails result) throws PathEngineException, DefinitionException {
    if (Utilities.noString(type))
      throw new PathEngineException("No type provided in BuildToolPathEvaluator.getChildTypesByName");
    if (type.equals("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/xhtml"))
      return;
    if (type.startsWith(Constants.NS_SYSTEM_TYPE))
      return;
    
    if (type.equals(TypeDetails.FP_SimpleTypeInfo)) { 
      getSimpleTypeChildTypesByName(name, result);
    } else if (type.equals(TypeDetails.FP_ClassInfo)) { 
      getClassInfoChildTypesByName(name, result);
    } else {
    String url = null;
    if (type.contains("#")) {
      url = type.substring(0, type.indexOf("#"));
    } else {
      url = type;
    }
    String tail = "";
    StructureDefinition sd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, url);
    if (sd == null)
      throw new DefinitionException("Unknown type "+type); // this really is an error, because we can only get to here if the internal infrastrucgture is wrong
    List<StructureDefinition> sdl = new ArrayList<StructureDefinition>();
    ElementDefinitionMatch m = null;
    if (type.contains("#"))
      m = getElementDefinition(sd, type.substring(type.indexOf("#")+1), false);
    if (m != null && hasDataType(m.definition)) {
      if (m.fixedType != null)
      {
        StructureDefinition dt = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ProfileUtilities.sdNs(m.fixedType, worker.getOverrideVersionNs()));
        if (dt == null)
          throw new DefinitionException("unknown data type "+m.fixedType);
        sdl.add(dt);
      } else
        for (TypeRefComponent t : m.definition.getType()) {
          StructureDefinition dt = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ProfileUtilities.sdNs(t.getCode(), worker.getOverrideVersionNs()));
          if (dt == null)
            throw new DefinitionException("unknown data type "+t.getCode());
          sdl.add(dt);
        }
    } else {
      sdl.add(sd);
      if (type.contains("#")) {
        tail = type.substring(type.indexOf("#")+1);
        tail = tail.substring(tail.indexOf("."));
      }
    }

    for (StructureDefinition sdi : sdl) {
      String path = sdi.getSnapshot().getElement().get(0).getPath()+tail+".";
      if (name.equals("**")) {
        assert(result.getCollectionStatus() == CollectionStatus.UNORDERED);
        for (ElementDefinition ed : sdi.getSnapshot().getElement()) {
          if (ed.getPath().startsWith(path))
            for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getType()) {
              if (t.hasCode() && t.getCodeElement().hasValue()) {
                String tn = null;
                if (t.getCode().equals("Element") || t.getCode().equals("BackboneElement"))
                  tn = sdi.getType()+"#"+ed.getPath();
                else
                  tn = t.getCode();
                if (t.getCode().equals("Resource")) {
                  for (String rn : worker.getResourceNames()) {
                    if (!result.hasType(worker, rn)) {
                      getChildTypesByName(result.addType(rn), "**", result);
                    }                  
                  }
                } else if (!result.hasType(worker, tn)) {
                  getChildTypesByName(result.addType(tn), "**", result);
                }
              }
            }
        }      
      } else if (name.equals("*")) {
        assert(result.getCollectionStatus() == CollectionStatus.UNORDERED);
        for (ElementDefinition ed : sdi.getSnapshot().getElement()) {
          if (ed.getPath().startsWith(path) && !ed.getPath().substring(path.length()).contains("."))
            for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getType()) {
              if (Utilities.noString(t.getCode())) // Element.id or Extension.url
                result.addType("System.string");
              else if (t.getCode().equals("Element") || t.getCode().equals("BackboneElement"))
                result.addType(sdi.getType()+"#"+ed.getPath());
              else if (t.getCode().equals("Resource"))
                result.addTypes(worker.getResourceNames());
              else
                result.addType(t.getCode());
            }
        }
      } else {
        path = sdi.getSnapshot().getElement().get(0).getPath()+tail+"."+name;

        ElementDefinitionMatch ed = getElementDefinition(sdi, path, false);
        if (ed != null) {
          if (!Utilities.noString(ed.getFixedType()))
            result.addType(ed.getFixedType());
          else
            for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getDefinition().getType()) {
              if (Utilities.noString(t.getCode())) {
                if (Utilities.existsInList(ed.getDefinition().getId(), "Element.id", "Extension.url") || Utilities.existsInList(ed.getDefinition().getBase().getPath(), "Resource.id", "Element.id", "Extension.url")) 
                  result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_NS, "string");
                break; // throw new PathEngineException("Illegal reference to primitive value attribute @ "+path);
              }

              ProfiledType pt = null;
              if (t.getCode().equals("Element") || t.getCode().equals("BackboneElement"))
                pt = new ProfiledType(sdi.getUrl()+"#"+path);
              else if (t.getCode().equals("Resource"))
                result.addTypes(worker.getResourceNames());
              else
                pt = new ProfiledType(t.getCode());
              if (pt != null) {
                if (t.hasProfile())
                  pt.addProfiles(t.getProfile());
                if (ed.getDefinition().hasBinding())
                  pt.addBinding(ed.getDefinition().getBinding());
                result.addType(pt);
              }
            }
        }
      }
    }
    }
  }

  private void getClassInfoChildTypesByName(String name, TypeDetails result) {
    if (name.equals("namespace"))
      result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_String);
    if (name.equals("name"))
      result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_String);
  }


  private void getSimpleTypeChildTypesByName(String name, TypeDetails result) {
    if (name.equals("namespace"))
      result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_String);
    if (name.equals("name"))
      result.addType(TypeDetails.FP_String);
  }


  private ElementDefinitionMatch getElementDefinition(StructureDefinition sd, String path, boolean allowTypedName) throws PathEngineException {
    for (ElementDefinition ed : sd.getSnapshot().getElement()) {
      if (ed.getPath().equals(path)) {
        if (ed.hasContentReference()) {
          return getElementDefinitionById(sd, ed.getContentReference());
        } else
          return new ElementDefinitionMatch(ed, null);
      }
      if (ed.getPath().endsWith("[x]") && path.startsWith(ed.getPath().substring(0, ed.getPath().length()-3)) && path.length() == ed.getPath().length()-3)
        return new ElementDefinitionMatch(ed, null);
      if (allowTypedName && ed.getPath().endsWith("[x]") && path.startsWith(ed.getPath().substring(0, ed.getPath().length()-3)) && path.length() > ed.getPath().length()-3) {
        String s = Utilities.uncapitalize(path.substring(ed.getPath().length()-3));
        if (primitiveTypes.contains(s))
          return new ElementDefinitionMatch(ed, s);
        else
        return new ElementDefinitionMatch(ed, path.substring(ed.getPath().length()-3));
      }
      if (ed.getPath().contains(".") && path.startsWith(ed.getPath()+".") && (ed.getType().size() > 0) && !isAbstractType(ed.getType())) { 
        // now we walk into the type.
        if (ed.getType().size() > 1)  // if there's more than one type, the test above would fail this
          throw new PathEngineException("Internal typing issue....");
        StructureDefinition nsd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ProfileUtilities.sdNs(ed.getType().get(0).getCode(), worker.getOverrideVersionNs()));
            if (nsd == null) 
              throw new PathEngineException("Unknown type "+ed.getType().get(0).getCode());
        return getElementDefinition(nsd, nsd.getId()+path.substring(ed.getPath().length()), allowTypedName);
      }
      if (ed.hasContentReference() && path.startsWith(ed.getPath()+".")) {
        ElementDefinitionMatch m = getElementDefinitionById(sd, ed.getContentReference());
        return getElementDefinition(sd, m.definition.getPath()+path.substring(ed.getPath().length()), allowTypedName);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private boolean isAbstractType(List<TypeRefComponent> list) {
        return list.size() != 1 ? true : Utilities.existsInList(list.get(0).getCode(), "Element", "BackboneElement", "Resource", "DomainResource");
}


  private boolean hasType(ElementDefinition ed, String s) {
    for (TypeRefComponent t : ed.getType()) 
      if (s.equalsIgnoreCase(t.getCode()))
        return true;
    return false;
  }

  private boolean hasDataType(ElementDefinition ed) {
    return ed.hasType() && !(ed.getType().get(0).getCode().equals("Element") || ed.getType().get(0).getCode().equals("BackboneElement"));
  }

  private ElementDefinitionMatch getElementDefinitionById(StructureDefinition sd, String ref) {
    for (ElementDefinition ed : sd.getSnapshot().getElement()) {
      if (ref.equals("#"+ed.getId())) 
        return new ElementDefinitionMatch(ed, null);
    }
    return null;
  }


  public boolean hasLog() {
    return log != null && log.length() > 0;
  }


  public String takeLog() {
    if (!hasLog())
      return "";
    String s = log.toString();
    log = new StringBuilder();
    return s;
  }


  /** given an element definition in a profile, what element contains the differentiating fixed 
   * for the element, given the differentiating expresssion. The expression is only allowed to 
   * use a subset of FHIRPath
   * 
   * @param profile
   * @param element
   * @return
   * @throws PathEngineException 
   * @throws DefinitionException 
   */
  public ElementDefinition evaluateDefinition(ExpressionNode expr, StructureDefinition profile, ElementDefinition element) throws DefinitionException {
    StructureDefinition sd = profile;
    ElementDefinition focus = null;

    if (expr.getKind() == Kind.Name) {
      if (element.hasSlicing()) {
        ElementDefinition slice = pickMandatorySlice(sd, element);
        if (slice == null)
          throw new DefinitionException("Error in discriminator at "+element.getId()+": found a sliced element while resolving the fixed value for one of the slices");
        element = slice;
      }
      
      if (expr.getName().equals("$this")) {
        focus = element;
      } else { 
      List<ElementDefinition> childDefinitions;
      childDefinitions = ProfileUtilities.getChildMap(sd, element);
      // if that's empty, get the children of the type
      if (childDefinitions.isEmpty()) {
        sd = fetchStructureByType(element);
        if (sd == null)
          throw new DefinitionException("Problem with use of resolve() - profile '"+element.getType().get(0).getProfile()+"' on "+element.getId()+" could not be resolved");
        childDefinitions = ProfileUtilities.getChildMap(sd, sd.getSnapshot().getElementFirstRep());
      }
      for (ElementDefinition t : childDefinitions) {
        if (tailMatches(t, expr.getName())) {
          focus = t;
          break;
        }
      }
      }
    } else if (expr.getKind() == Kind.Function) {
      if ("resolve".equals(expr.getName())) {
        if (!element.hasType())
          throw new DefinitionException("illegal use of resolve() in discriminator - no type on element "+element.getId());
        if (element.getType().size() > 1)
          throw new DefinitionException("illegal use of resolve() in discriminator - Multiple possible types on "+element.getId());
        if (!element.getType().get(0).hasTarget())
          throw new DefinitionException("illegal use of resolve() in discriminator - type on "+element.getId()+" is not Reference ("+element.getType().get(0).getCode()+")");
        if (element.getType().get(0).getTargetProfile().size() > 1)
          throw new DefinitionException("illegal use of resolve() in discriminator - Multiple possible target type profiles on "+element.getId());
        sd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, element.getType().get(0).getTargetProfile().get(0).getValue());
        if (sd == null)
          throw new DefinitionException("Problem with use of resolve() - profile '"+element.getType().get(0).getTargetProfile()+"' on "+element.getId()+" could not be resolved");
        focus = sd.getSnapshot().getElementFirstRep();
      } else if ("extension".equals(expr.getName())) {
        String targetUrl = expr.getParameters().get(0).getConstant().primitiveValue();
//        targetUrl = targetUrl.substring(1,targetUrl.length()-1);
        List<ElementDefinition> childDefinitions = ProfileUtilities.getChildMap(sd, element);
        for (ElementDefinition t : childDefinitions) {
          if (t.getPath().endsWith(".extension") && t.hasSliceName()) {
           StructureDefinition exsd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, t.getType().get(0).getProfile().get(0).getValue());
           while (exsd!=null && !exsd.getBaseDefinition().equals("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Extension"))
             exsd = worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, exsd.getBaseDefinition());
           if (exsd.getUrl().equals(targetUrl)) {
             if (ProfileUtilities.getChildMap(sd, t).isEmpty())
               sd = exsd;
             focus = t;
             break;
           }
          }
        }
      } else 
        throw new DefinitionException("illegal function name "+expr.getName()+"() in discriminator");
    } else if (expr.getKind() == Kind.Group) {
      throw new DefinitionException("illegal expression syntax in discriminator (group)");
    } else if (expr.getKind() == Kind.Constant) {
      throw new DefinitionException("illegal expression syntax in discriminator (const)");
    }

    if (focus == null)
      throw new DefinitionException("Unable to resolve discriminator in definitions: "+expr.toString());      
    else if (expr.getInner() == null)
      return focus;
    else {
      return evaluateDefinition(expr.getInner(), sd, focus);
  }
  }

  private ElementDefinition pickMandatorySlice(StructureDefinition sd, ElementDefinition element) throws DefinitionException {
    List<ElementDefinition> list = ProfileUtilities.getSliceList(sd, element);
    for (ElementDefinition ed : list) {
      if (ed.getMin() > 0)
        return ed;
    }
    return null;
  }


  private StructureDefinition fetchStructureByType(ElementDefinition ed) throws DefinitionException {
    if (ed.getType().size() == 0)
      throw new DefinitionException("Error in discriminator at "+ed.getId()+": no children, no type");
    if (ed.getType().size() > 1)
      throw new DefinitionException("Error in discriminator at "+ed.getId()+": no children, multiple types");
    if (ed.getType().get(0).getProfile().size() > 1)
      throw new DefinitionException("Error in discriminator at "+ed.getId()+": no children, multiple type profiles");
    if (ed.getType().get(0).hasProfile()) 
      return worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ed.getType().get(0).getProfile().get(0).getValue());
    else
      return worker.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, ProfileUtilities.sdNs(ed.getType().get(0).getCode(), worker.getOverrideVersionNs()));
  }


  private boolean tailMatches(ElementDefinition t, String d) {
    String tail = tailDot(t.getPath());
    if (d.contains("["))
      return tail.startsWith(d.substring(0, d.indexOf('[')));
    else if (tail.equals(d))
      return true;
    else if (t.getType().size() == 1 && t.getType().get(0).getCode() != null && t.getPath() != null && t.getPath().toUpperCase().endsWith(t.getType().get(0).getCode().toUpperCase()))
      return tail.startsWith(d);
    else if (t.getPath().endsWith("[x]") && tail.startsWith(d))
      return true;
    return false;
  }

  private String tailDot(String path) {
    return path.substring(path.lastIndexOf(".") + 1);
  }

  private Equality asBool(List<Base> items) throws PathEngineException {
    if (items.size() == 0)
      return Equality.Null;
    else if (items.size() == 1)
      return asBool(items.get(0));
    else
      throw new PathEngineException("Unable to evaluate as a boolean: "+convertToString(items));
  }
  
  private Equality asBoolFromInt(String s) {
    try {
      int i = Integer.parseInt(s);
      switch (i) {
      case 0: return Equality.False;
      case 1: return Equality.True;
      default: return Equality.Null;
      }
    } catch (Exception e) {
      return Equality.Null;
    }
  }

  private Equality asBoolFromDec(String s) {
    try {
      BigDecimal d = new BigDecimal(s);
      if (d.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0) 
        return Equality.False;
      else if (d.compareTo(BigDecimal.ONE) == 0) 
        return Equality.True;
      else
        return Equality.Null;
    } catch (Exception e) {
      return Equality.Null;
    }
  }

  private Equality asBool(Base item) {
    if (item instanceof BooleanType) 
      return boolToTriState(((BooleanType) item).booleanValue());
    else if (item.isBooleanPrimitive()) {
      if (Utilities.existsInList(item.primitiveValue(), "true"))
        return Equality.True;
      else if (Utilities.existsInList(item.primitiveValue(), "false"))
        return Equality.False;
      else
        return Equality.Null;
    } else if (item instanceof IntegerType || Utilities.existsInList(item.fhirType(), "integer", "positiveint", "unsignedInt"))
      return asBoolFromInt(item.primitiveValue());
    else if (item instanceof DecimalType || Utilities.existsInList(item.fhirType(), "decimal"))
      return asBoolFromDec(item.primitiveValue());
    else if (Utilities.existsInList(item.fhirType(), FHIR_TYPES_STRING)) {
      if (Utilities.existsInList(item.primitiveValue(), "true", "t", "yes", "y"))
        return Equality.True;
      else if (Utilities.existsInList(item.primitiveValue(), "false", "f", "no", "n"))
        return Equality.False;
      else if (Utilities.isInteger(item.primitiveValue()))
        return asBoolFromInt(item.primitiveValue());
      else if (Utilities.isDecimal(item.primitiveValue(), true))
        return asBoolFromDec(item.primitiveValue());
      else
        return Equality.Null;
    } 
      return Equality.Null;
  }
          
  private Equality boolToTriState(boolean b) {
    return b ? Equality.True : Equality.False;
  }


  public TerminologyServiceOptions getTerminologyServiceOptions() {
    return terminologyServiceOptions;
  }


  public IWorkerContext getWorker() {
    return worker;
  }
  
}