/**
 * Copyright (c) 2011, The University of Southampton and the individual contributors.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *   *  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 *   *  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 *   *  Neither the name of the University of Southampton nor the names of its
 *      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
 *      software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
 * ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import org.openimaj.citation.annotation.Reference;
import org.openimaj.citation.annotation.ReferenceType;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.line.Line2d;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.point.Point2d;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.point.Point2dImpl;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.point.PointList;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.util.PolygonUtils;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.util.RotatingCalipers;

import Jama.Matrix;

/**
 * A polygon, modelled as a list of vertices. Polygon extends {@link PointList},
 * so the vertices are the underlying {@link PointList#points}, and they are
 * considered to be joined in order.
 *
 * @author Jonathon Hare (jsh2@ecs.soton.ac.uk)
 */
public class Polygon extends PointList implements Shape
{
        /**
         * Polygons can contain other polygons. If the polygon is representing a
         * shape, then the inner polygons can represent holes in the polygon or
         * other polygons within the polygon.
         */
        private List<Polygon> innerPolygons = new ArrayList<Polygon>();

        /** If this polygon is a hole within another polygon, this is set to true */
        private boolean isHole = false;

        /**
         * Constructs an empty polygon to which vertices may be added.
         */
        public Polygon()
        {
                this(false);
        }

        /**
         * Constructs an empty polygon to which vertices may be added. The boolean
         * parameter determines whether this polygon will represent a hole (rather
         * than a solid).
         *
         * @param representsHole
         *            Whether the polygon will represent a hole.
         */
        public Polygon(boolean representsHole)
        {
                this.isHole = representsHole;
        }

        /**
         * Construct a Polygon from vertices
         *
         * @param vertices
         *            the vertices
         */
        public Polygon(Point2d... vertices) {
                super(vertices);
        }

        /**
         * Construct a Polygon from vertices
         *
         * @param vertices
         *            the vertices
         */
        public Polygon(Collection<? extends Point2d> vertices) {
                this(vertices, false);
        }

        /**
         * Construct a Polygon from the vertices, possibly copying the vertices
         * first
         *
         * @param vertices
         *            the vertices
         * @param copy
         *            should the vertices be copied
         */
        public Polygon(Collection<? extends Point2d> vertices, boolean copy) {
                super(vertices, copy);
        }

        /**
         * Get the vertices of the polygon
         *
         * @return the vertices
         */
        public List<Point2d> getVertices() {
                return points;
        }

        /**
         * Get the number of vertices
         *
         * @return the number of vertices
         */
        public int nVertices() {
                if (isClosed())
                        return points.size() - 1;
                return points.size();
        }

        /**
         * Is the polygon closed (i.e. is the last vertex equal to the first)?
         *
         * @return true if closed; false if open
         */
        public boolean isClosed() {
                if (points.size() > 0 && points.get(0).getX() == points.get(points.size() - 1).getX()
                                && points.get(0).getY() == points.get(points.size() - 1).getY())
                        return true;
                return false;
        }

        /**
         * Close the polygon if it's not already closed
         */
        public void close() {
                if (!isClosed() && points.size() > 0)
                        points.add(points.get(0));
        }

        /**
         * Open the polygon if it's closed
         */
        public void open() {
                if (isClosed() && points.size() > 1)
                        points.remove(points.size() - 1);
        }

        /**
         * Test whether the point p is inside the polygon using the winding rule
         * algorithm. Also tests whether the point is in any of the inner polygons.
         * If the inner polygon represents a hole and the point is within that
         * polygon then the point is not within this polygon.
         *
         * @param point
         *            the point to test
         * @return true if the point is inside; false otherwise
         */
        @Override
        public boolean isInside(Point2d point) {
                final boolean isClosed = isClosed();
                if (!isClosed)
                        close();

                boolean isOdd = false;

                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final List<Point2d> v = getInnerPoly(pp).getVertices();
                        int j = v.size() - 1;
                        for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) {
                                if (v.get(i).getY() < point.getY() && v.get(j).getY() >= point.getY() ||
                                                v.get(j).getY() < point.getY() && v.get(i).getY() >= point.getY())
                                {
                                        if (v.get(i).getX() + (point.getY() - v.get(i).getY()) /
                                                        (v.get(j).getY() - v.get(i).getY()) * (v.get(j).getX() - v.get(i).getX()) < point.getX())
                                        {
                                                isOdd = !isOdd;
                                        }
                                }
                                j = i;
                        }
                }

                if (!isClosed)
                        open();
                return isOdd;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon clone() {
                final Polygon clone = new Polygon();
                clone.setIsHole(isHole);

                for (final Point2d p : points)
                        clone.points.add(p.copy());

                for (final Polygon innerPoly : innerPolygons)
                        clone.addInnerPolygon(innerPoly.clone());

                return clone;
        }

        /**
         * Calculates the difference between two polygons and returns a new polygon.
         * It assumes that the given polygon and this polygon have the same number
         * of vertices.
         *
         * @param p
         *            the polygon to subtract.
         * @return the difference polygon
         */
        public Polygon difference(Polygon p)
        {
                final List<Point2d> v = new ArrayList<Point2d>();

                for (int i = 0; i < points.size(); i++)
                        v.add(new Point2dImpl(
                                        points.get(i).getX() - p.getVertices().get(i).getX(),
                                        points.get(i).getY() - p.getVertices().get(i).getY()));

                final Polygon p2 = new Polygon(v);
                for (int i = 0; i < innerPolygons.size(); i++)
                        p2.addInnerPolygon(innerPolygons.get(i).difference(
                                        p2.getInnerPoly(i + 1)));

                return p2;
        }

        @Override
        public double calculateArea() {
                return Math.abs(calculateSignedArea());
        }

        /**
         * Calculate the area of the polygon. This does not take into account holes
         * in the polygon.
         *
         * @return the area of the polygon
         */
        public double calculateSignedArea() {
                final boolean closed = isClosed();
                double area = 0;

                if (!closed)
                        close();

                // TODO: This does not take into account the winding
                // rule and therefore holes
                for (int k = 0; k < points.size() - 1; k++) {
                        final float ik = points.get(k).getX();
                        final float jk = points.get(k).getY();
                        final float ik1 = points.get(k + 1).getX();
                        final float jk1 = points.get(k + 1).getY();

                        area += ik * jk1 - ik1 * jk;
                }

                if (!closed)
                        open();

                return 0.5 * area;
        }

        /**
         * Calls {@link Polygon#intersectionArea(Shape, int)} with 1 step per pixel
         * dimension. Subsequently this function returns the shared whole pixels of
         * this polygon and that.
         *
         * @param that
         * @return intersection area
         */
        @Override
        public double intersectionArea(Shape that) {
                return this.intersectionArea(that, 1);
        }

        /**
         * Return an estimate for the area of the intersection of this polygon and
         * another polygon. For each pixel step 1 is added if the point is inside
         * both polygons. For each pixel, perPixelPerDimension steps are taken.
         * Subsequently the intersection is:
         *
         * sumIntersections / (perPixelPerDimension * perPixelPerDimension)
         *
         * @param that
         * @return normalised intersection area
         */
        @Override
        public double intersectionArea(Shape that, int nStepsPerDimension) {
                final Rectangle overlapping = this.calculateRegularBoundingBox().overlapping(that.calculateRegularBoundingBox());
                if (overlapping == null)
                        return 0;
                double intersection = 0;
                final double step = Math.max(overlapping.width, overlapping.height) / (double) nStepsPerDimension;
                double nReads = 0;
                for (float x = overlapping.x; x < overlapping.x + overlapping.width; x += step) {
                        for (float y = overlapping.y; y < overlapping.y + overlapping.height; y += step) {
                                final boolean insideThis = this.isInside(new Point2dImpl(x, y));
                                final boolean insideThat = that.isInside(new Point2dImpl(x, y));
                                nReads++;
                                if (insideThis && insideThat) {
                                        intersection++;
                                }
                        }
                }

                return (intersection / nReads) * (overlapping.width * overlapping.height);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @see org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.Shape#asPolygon()
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon asPolygon() {
                return this;
        }

        /**
         * Add a vertex to the polygon
         *
         * @param x
         *            x-coordinate of the vertex
         * @param y
         *            y-coordinate of the vertex
         */
        public void addVertex(float x, float y) {
                points.add(new Point2dImpl(x, y));
        }

        /**
         * Add a vertex to the polygon
         *
         * @param pt
         *            coordinate of the vertex
         */
        public void addVertex(Point2d pt) {
                points.add(pt);
        }

        /**
         * Iterates through the vertices and rounds all vertices to round integers.
         * Side-affects this polygon.
         *
         * @return this polygon
         */
        public Polygon roundVertices()
        {
                final Iterator<Point2d> i = this.iterator();
                while (i.hasNext())
                {
                        final Point2d p = i.next();
                        final Point2dImpl p2 = new Point2dImpl((int) p.getX(), (int) p.getY());

                        int xx = -1;
                        if ((xx = this.points.indexOf(p2)) != -1 &&
                                        this.points.get(xx) != p)
                                i.remove();
                        else
                        {
                                p.setX(p2.x);
                                p.setY(p2.y);
                        }
                }

                for (final Polygon pp : innerPolygons)
                        pp.roundVertices();

                return this;
        }

        /**
         * Return whether this polygon has no vertices or not.
         *
         * @return TRUE if this polygon has no vertices
         */
        public boolean isEmpty()
        {
                return this.points.isEmpty() && innerPolygons.isEmpty();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the number of inner polygons in this polygon including this
         * polygon.
         *
         * @return the number of inner polygons in this polygon.
         */
        public int getNumInnerPoly()
        {
                return innerPolygons.size() + 1;
        }

        /**
         * Get the inner polygon at the given index. Note that index 0 will return
         * this polygon, while index i+1 will return the inner polygon i.
         *
         * @param index
         *            the index of the polygon to get
         * @return The inner polygon at the given index.
         */
        public Polygon getInnerPoly(int index)
        {
                if (index == 0)
                        return this;
                return innerPolygons.get(index - 1);
        }

        /**
         * Add an inner polygon to this polygon. If there is no main polygon defined
         * (the number of vertices is zero) then the given inner polygon will become
         * the main polygon if the <code>inferOuter</code> boolean is true. If this
         * variable is false, the inner polygon will be added to the list of inner
         * polygons for this polygon regardless of whether a main polygon exists.
         * When the main polygon is inferred from the given polygon, the vertices
         * are copied into this polygon's vertex list.
         *
         * @param p
         *            The inner polygon to add
         * @param inferOuter
         *            Whether to infer the outer polygon from this inner one
         */
        public void addInnerPolygon(Polygon p, boolean inferOuter)
        {
                if (!inferOuter)
                {
                        this.innerPolygons.add(p);
                }
                else
                {
                        if (this.points.size() == 0)
                        {
                                this.points.addAll(p.points);
                                this.isHole = p.isHole;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                this.addInnerPolygon(p, false);
                        }
                }
        }

        /**
         * Add an inner polygon to this polygon. If there is no main polygon defined
         * (the number of vertices is zero) then the given inner polygon will become
         * the main polygon.
         *
         * @param p
         *            The inner polygon to add
         */
        public void addInnerPolygon(Polygon p)
        {
                this.addInnerPolygon(p, true);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the list of inner polygons.
         *
         * @return the list of inner polygons
         */
        public List<Polygon> getInnerPolys()
        {
                return this.innerPolygons;
        }

        /**
         * Set whether this polygon represents a hole in another polygon.
         *
         * @param isHole
         *            Whether this polygon is a whole.
         */
        public void setIsHole(boolean isHole)
        {
                this.isHole = isHole;
        }

        /**
         * Returns whether this polygon is representing a hole in another polygon.
         *
         * @return Whether this polygon is representing a hole in another polygon.
         */
        public boolean isHole()
        {
                return this.isHole;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
         */
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj)
        {
                return (obj instanceof Polygon) &&
                                this.equals((Polygon) obj);
        }

        /**
         * Specific equals method for polygons where the polgyons are tested for the
         * vertices being in the same order. If the vertices are not in the vertex
         * list in the same manner but are in the same order (when wrapped around)
         * the method will return true. So the triangles below will return true:
         *
         * {[1,1],[2,2],[1,2]} and {[1,2],[1,1],[2,2]}
         *
         * @param p
         *            The polygon to test against
         * @return TRUE if the polygons are the same.
         */
        public boolean equals(Polygon p)
        {
                if (isHole() != p.isHole())
                        return false;
                if (this.points.size() != p.points.size())
                        return false;
                if (this.isEmpty() && p.isEmpty())
                        return true;

                final int i = this.points.indexOf(p.points.get(0));
                if (i == -1)
                        return false;

                final int s = this.points.size();
                for (int n = 0; n < s; n++)
                {
                        if (!p.points.get(n).equals(this.points.get((n + i) % s)))
                                return false;
                }

                return true;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
         */
        @Override
        public int hashCode()
        {
                return points.hashCode() * (isHole() ? -1 : 1);
        }

        /**
         * Displays the complete list of vertices unless the number of vertices is
         * greater than 10 - then a sublist is shown of 5 from the start and 5 from
         * the end separated by ellipses.
         *
         * {@inheritDoc}
         *
         * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
         */
        @Override
        public String toString()
        {
                final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
                if (isHole())
                        sb.append("H");
                final int len = 10;
                if (points.size() < len)
                        sb.append(points.toString());
                else
                        sb.append(points.subList(0, len / 2).toString() + "..." +
                                        points.subList(points.size() - len / 2, points.size())
                                        .toString());

                if (innerPolygons.size() > 0)
                {
                        sb.append("\n    - " + innerPolygons.size() + " inner polygons:");
                        for (final Polygon ip : innerPolygons)
                                sb.append("\n       + " + ip.toString());
                }

                return sb.toString();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the intersection of this polygon and the given polygon.
         *
         * @param p2
         *            The polygon to intersect with.
         * @return The resulting polygon intersection
         */
        public Polygon intersect(Polygon p2)
        {
                // FIXME: PolygonUtils should handle inner polys itself, but it seems
                // there are bugs... This is a hack to work around those problems
                // without having to understand the ins and outs of how the GPC works,
                // but it should really be fixed properly in the future!
                final Polygon clone = new PolygonUtils().intersection(new Polygon(this.points), p2);
                clone.setIsHole(isHole);

                for (final Polygon innerPoly : innerPolygons)
                        clone.addInnerPolygon(innerPoly.intersect(p2));

                return clone;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the union of this polygon and the given polygon.
         *
         * @param p2
         *            The polygon to union with.
         * @return The resulting polygon union
         */
        public Polygon union(Polygon p2)
        {
                return new PolygonUtils().union(this, p2);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the XOR of this polygon and the given polygon.
         *
         * @param p2
         *            The polygon to XOR with.
         * @return The resulting polygon
         */
        public Polygon xor(Polygon p2)
        {
                return new PolygonUtils().xor(this, p2);
        }

        /**
         * Reduce the number of vertices in a polygon. This implementation is based
         * on a modified Ramer-Douglas–Peucker algorithm that is designed to work
         * with polygons rather than polylines. The implementation searches for two
         * initialisation points that are approximatatly maximally distant, then
         * performs the polyline algorithm on the two segments, and finally ensures
         * that the joins in the segments are consistent with the given epsilon
         * value.
         *
         * @param eps
         *            distance value below which a vertex can be ignored
         * @return new polygon that approximates this polygon, but with fewer
         *         vertices
         */
        public Polygon reduceVertices(double eps)
        {
                if (eps == 0 || nVertices() <= 3)
                        return this.clone();

                int prevStartIndex = 0;
                int startIndex = 0;
                for (int init = 0; init < 3; init++) {
                        double dmax = 0;
                        prevStartIndex = startIndex;

                        final Point2d first = points.get(startIndex);
                        for (int i = 0; i < points.size(); i++) {
                                final double d;
                                d = Line2d.distance(first, points.get(i));

                                if (d > dmax) {
                                        startIndex = i;
                                        dmax = d;
                                }
                        }
                }

                if (prevStartIndex > startIndex) {
                        final int tmp = prevStartIndex;
                        prevStartIndex = startIndex;
                        startIndex = tmp;
                }

                final List<Point2d> l1 = new ArrayList<Point2d>();
                l1.addAll(points.subList(prevStartIndex, startIndex + 1));

                final List<Point2d> l2 = new ArrayList<Point2d>();
                l2.addAll(points.subList(startIndex, points.size()));
                l2.addAll(points.subList(0, prevStartIndex + 1));

                final Polygon newPoly = new Polygon();
                final List<Point2d> line1 = ramerDouglasPeucker(l1, eps);
                final List<Point2d> line2 = ramerDouglasPeucker(l2, eps);
                newPoly.points.addAll(line1.subList(0, line1.size() - 1));
                newPoly.points.addAll(line2.subList(0, line2.size() - 1));

                // deal with the joins
                // if (newPoly.nVertices() > 3) {
                // Point2d r1 = null, r2 = null;
                // Point2d p0 = newPoly.points.get(newPoly.points.size() - 1);
                // Point2d p1 = newPoly.points.get(0);
                // Point2d p2 = newPoly.points.get(1);
                //
                // Line2d l = new Line2d(p0, p2);
                // Line2d norm = l.getNormal(p1);
                // Point2d intersect = l.getIntersection(norm).intersectionPoint;
                // if (intersect != null && Line2d.distance(p1, intersect) <= eps) {
                // // remove p1
                // r1 = p1;
                // }
                //
                // p0 = newPoly.points.get(line1.size() - 1);
                // p1 = newPoly.points.get(line1.size());
                // p2 = newPoly.points.get((line1.size() + 1) >= newPoly.size() ? 0 :
                // (line1.size() + 1));
                //
                // l = new Line2d(p0, p2);
                // norm = l.getNormal(p1);
                // intersect = l.getIntersection(norm).intersectionPoint;
                // if (intersect != null && Line2d.distance(p1, intersect) <= eps) {
                // // remove p2
                // r2 = p2;
                // }
                //
                // if (r1 != null) {
                // newPoly.points.remove(r1);
                // }
                // if (newPoly.nVertices() > 3 && r2 != null) {
                // newPoly.points.remove(r2);
                // }
                // }

                if (!newPoly.isClockwise()) {
                        Collections.reverse(newPoly.points);
                }

                for (final Polygon ppp : innerPolygons)
                        newPoly.addInnerPolygon(ppp.reduceVertices(eps));

                return newPoly;
        }

        /**
         * Ramer Douglas Peucker polyline algorithm
         *
         * @param p
         *            the polyline to simplify
         * @param eps
         *            distance value below which a vertex can be ignored
         * @return the simplified polyline
         */
        private static List<Point2d> ramerDouglasPeucker(List<Point2d> p, double eps) {
                // Find the point with the maximum distance
                double dmax = 0;
                int index = 0;
                final int end = p.size() - 1;
                final Line2d l = new Line2d(p.get(0), p.get(end));
                for (int i = 1; i < end - 1; i++) {
                        final double d;

                        final Point2d p1 = p.get(i);
                        final Line2d norm = l.getNormal(p1);
                        final Point2d p2 = l.getIntersection(norm).intersectionPoint;
                        if (p2 == null)
                                continue;
                        d = Line2d.distance(p1, p2);

                        if (d > dmax) {
                                index = i;
                                dmax = d;
                        }
                }

                final List<Point2d> newPoly = new ArrayList<Point2d>();

                // If max distance is greater than epsilon, recursively simplify
                if (dmax > eps) {
                        // Recursively call RDP
                        final List<Point2d> line1 = ramerDouglasPeucker(p.subList(0, index + 1), eps);
                        final List<Point2d> line2 = ramerDouglasPeucker(p.subList(index, end + 1), eps);
                        newPoly.addAll(line1.subList(0, line1.size() - 1));
                        newPoly.addAll(line2);
                } else {
                        newPoly.add(p.get(0));
                        newPoly.add(p.get(end));
                }

                // Return the result
                return newPoly;
        }

        /**
         * Apply a 3x3 transform matrix to a copy of the polygon and return it
         *
         * @param transform
         *            3x3 transform matrix
         * @return the transformed polygon
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon transform(Matrix transform) {
                final List<Point2d> newVertices = new ArrayList<Point2d>();

                for (final Point2d p : points) {
                        final Matrix p1 = new Matrix(3, 1);
                        p1.set(0, 0, p.getX());
                        p1.set(1, 0, p.getY());
                        p1.set(2, 0, 1);

                        final Matrix p2_est = transform.times(p1);

                        final Point2d out = new Point2dImpl((float) (p2_est.get(0, 0) / p2_est.get(2, 0)),
                                        (float) (p2_est.get(1, 0) / p2_est.get(2, 0)));

                        newVertices.add(out);
                }

                final Polygon p = new Polygon(newVertices);
                for (final Polygon pp : innerPolygons)
                        p.addInnerPolygon(pp.transform(transform));
                return p;
        }

        /**
         * Compute the regular (oriented to the axes) bounding box of the polygon.
         *
         * @return the regular bounding box as [x,y,width,height]
         */
        @Override
        public Rectangle calculateRegularBoundingBox() {
                float xmin = Float.MAX_VALUE, xmax = -Float.MAX_VALUE, ymin = Float.MAX_VALUE, ymax = -Float.MAX_VALUE;

                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                final float px = p.getX();
                                final float py = p.getY();
                                if (px < xmin)
                                        xmin = px;
                                if (px > xmax)
                                        xmax = px;
                                if (py < ymin)
                                        ymin = py;
                                if (py > ymax)
                                        ymax = py;

                        }
                }

                return new Rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin);
        }

        /**
         * Translate the polygons position
         *
         * @param x
         *            x-translation
         * @param y
         *            y-translation
         */
        @Override
        public void translate(float x, float y) {
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setX(p.getX() + x);
                                p.setY(p.getY() + y);
                        }
                }
        }

        /**
         * Scale the polygon by the given amount about (0,0). Scalefactors between 0
         * and 1 shrink the polygon.
         *
         * @param sc
         *            the scale factor.
         */
        @Override
        public void scale(float sc) {
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setX(p.getX() * sc);
                                p.setY(p.getY() * sc);
                        }
                }
        }

        /**
         * Scale the polygon only in the x-direction by the given amount about
         * (0,0). Scale factors between 0 and 1 will shrink the polygon
         *
         * @param sc
         *            The scale factor
         * @return this polygon
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon scaleX(float sc)
        {
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setX(p.getX() * sc);
                        }
                }
                return this;
        }

        /**
         * Scale the polygon only in the y-direction by the given amount about
         * (0,0). Scale factors between 0 and 1 will shrink the polygon
         *
         * @param sc
         *            The scale factor
         * @return this polygon
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon scaleY(float sc)
        {
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setY(p.getY() * sc);
                        }
                }
                return this;
        }

        /**
         * Scale the polygon by the given amount about (0,0). Scale factors between
         * 0 and 1 shrink the polygon.
         *
         * @param scx
         *            the scale factor in the x direction
         * @param scy
         *            the scale factor in the y direction.
         * @return this polygon
         */
        @Override
        public Polygon scaleXY(float scx, float scy)
        {
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setX(p.getX() * scx);
                                p.setY(p.getY() * scy);
                        }
                }
                return this;
        }

        /**
         * Scale the polygon by the given amount about the given point. Scalefactors
         * between 0 and 1 shrink the polygon.
         *
         * @param centre
         *            the centre of the scaling operation
         * @param sc
         *            the scale factor
         */
        @Override
        public void scale(Point2d centre, float sc) {
                this.translate(-centre.getX(), -centre.getY());
                for (int pp = 0; pp < getNumInnerPoly(); pp++)
                {
                        final Polygon ppp = getInnerPoly(pp);
                        for (final Point2d p : ppp.getVertices()) {
                                p.setX(p.getX() * sc);
                                p.setY(p.getY() * sc);
                        }
                }
                this.translate(centre.getX(), centre.getY());
        }

        /**
         * Calculate the centroid of the polygon.
         *
         * @return calls {@link #calculateFirstMoment()};
         */
        @Override
        public Point2d calculateCentroid() {
                final double[] pt = calculateFirstMoment();
                return new Point2dImpl((float) pt[0], (float) pt[1]);
        }

        /**
         * Treating the polygon as a continuous piecewise function, calculate
         * exactly the first moment. This follows working presented by Carsten
         * Steger in "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons" ,
         *
         * @return the first moment
         */
        @Reference(
                        author = { "Carsten Steger" },
                        title = "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons",
                        type = ReferenceType.Techreport,
                        month = "August",
                        year = "1996",
                        url = "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.29.8765&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
                        )
        public double[] calculateFirstMoment() {
                final boolean closed = isClosed();

                if (!closed)
                        close();

                double area = 0;
                double ax = 0;
                double ay = 0;
                // TODO: This does not take into account the winding
                // rule and therefore holes
                for (int k = 0; k < points.size() - 1; k++) {
                        final float xk = points.get(k).getX();
                        final float yk = points.get(k).getY();
                        final float xk1 = points.get(k + 1).getX();
                        final float yk1 = points.get(k + 1).getY();

                        final float shared = xk * yk1 - xk1 * yk;
                        area += shared;
                        ax += (xk + xk1) * shared;
                        ay += (yk + yk1) * shared;
                }

                if (!closed)
                        open();

                area *= 0.5;

                return new double[] { ax / (6 * area), ay / (6 * area) };
        }

        /**
         * Treating the polygon as a continuous piecewise function, calculate
         * exactly the second moment. This follows working presented by Carsten
         * Steger in "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons" ,
         *
         * @return the second moment as an array with values: (axx,axy,ayy)
         */
        @Reference(
                        author = { "Carsten Steger" },
                        title = "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons",
                        type = ReferenceType.Techreport,
                        month = "August",
                        year = "1996",
                        url = "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.29.8765&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
                        )
        public double[] calculateSecondMoment() {
                final boolean closed = isClosed();
                final double area = calculateSignedArea();

                if (!closed)
                        close();

                double axx = 0;
                double ayy = 0;
                double axy = 0;
                // TODO: This does not take into account the winding
                // rule and therefore holes
                for (int k = 0; k < points.size() - 1; k++) {
                        final float xk = points.get(k).getX();
                        final float yk = points.get(k).getY();
                        final float xk1 = points.get(k + 1).getX();
                        final float yk1 = points.get(k + 1).getY();

                        final float shared = xk * yk1 - xk1 * yk;
                        axx += (xk * xk + xk * xk1 + xk1 * xk1) * shared;
                        ayy += (yk * yk + yk * yk1 + yk1 * yk1) * shared;
                        axy += (2 * xk * yk + xk * yk1 + xk1 * yk + 2 * xk1 * yk1) * shared;
                }

                if (!closed)
                        open();

                return new double[] {
                                axx / (12 * area),
                                axy / (24 * area),
                                ayy / (12 * area)
                };
        }

        /**
         * Treating the polygon as a continuous piecewise function, calculate
         * exactly the centralised second moment. This follows working presented by
         * Carsten Steger in "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons" ,
         *
         * @return the second moment as an array with values: (axx,axy,ayy)
         */
        @Reference(
                        author = { "Carsten Steger" },
                        title = "On the Calculation of Moments of Polygons",
                        type = ReferenceType.Techreport,
                        month = "August",
                        year = "1996",
                        url = "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.29.8765&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
                        )
        public double[] calculateSecondMomentCentralised() {
                final double[] firstMoment = this.calculateFirstMoment();
                final double[] secondMoment = this.calculateSecondMoment();

                return new double[] {
                                secondMoment[0] - firstMoment[0] * firstMoment[0],
                                secondMoment[1] - firstMoment[0] * firstMoment[1],
                                secondMoment[2] - firstMoment[1] * firstMoment[1],
                };

        }

        /**
         * Calculates the principle direction of the connected component. This is
         * given by
         * <code>0.5 * atan( (M<sub>20</sub>-M<sub>02</sub>) / 2 * M<sub>11</sub> )</code>
         * so results in an angle between -PI and +PI.
         *
         * @return The principle direction (-PI/2 to +PI/2 radians) of the connected
         *         component.
         */
        public double calculateDirection() {
                final double[] secondMoment = calculateSecondMomentCentralised();
                final double u20 = secondMoment[0];
                final double u02 = secondMoment[1];
                final double u11 = secondMoment[2];
                final double theta = 0.5 * Math.atan2((2 * u11), (u20 - u02));

                return theta;
        }

        /**
         * Using
         * {@link EllipseUtilities#ellipseFromCovariance(float, float, Matrix, float)}
         * and the {@link #calculateSecondMomentCentralised()} return the Ellipse
         * best fitting the shape of this polygon.
         *
         * @return {@link Ellipse} defining the shape of the polygon
         */
        public Ellipse toEllipse() {
                final double[] secondMoment = calculateSecondMomentCentralised();
                final double u20 = secondMoment[0];
                final double u11 = secondMoment[1];
                final double u02 = secondMoment[2];
                final Point2d center = calculateCentroid();
                final Matrix sm = new Matrix(new double[][] {
                                new double[] { u20, u11 },
                                new double[] { u11, u02 },
                });
                // Used the sqrt(3) as the scale, not sure why. This is not correct.
                // Find the correct value!
                return EllipseUtilities.ellipseFromCovariance(
                                center.getX(),
                                center.getY(),
                                sm,
                                (float) Math.sqrt(3)
                                );
        }

        /**
         * Test if the outer polygon is convex.
         *
         * @return true if the outer polygon is convex; false if non-convex or less
         *         than two vertices
         */
        @Override
        public boolean isConvex() {
                final boolean isOriginallyClosed = this.isClosed();
                if (isOriginallyClosed)
                        this.open();

                final int size = size();

                if (size < 3)
                        return false;

                float res = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                        final Point2d p = points.get(i);
                        final Point2d tmp = points.get((i + 1) % size);
                        final Point2dImpl v = new Point2dImpl();
                        v.x = tmp.getX() - p.getX();
                        v.y = tmp.getY() - p.getY();
                        final Point2d u = points.get((i + 2) % size);

                        if (i == 0) // in first loop direction is unknown, so save it in res
                                res = u.getX() * v.y - u.getY() * v.x + v.x * p.getY() - v.y * p.getX();
                        else
                        {
                                final float newres = u.getX() * v.y - u.getY() * v.x + v.x * p.getY() - v.y * p.getX();
                                if ((newres > 0 && res < 0) || (newres < 0 && res > 0))
                                        return false;
                        }
                }

                if (isOriginallyClosed)
                        close();

                return true;
        }

        /**
         * Test if this has no inner polygons or sub-parts
         *
         * @see Polygon#getInnerPolys()
         *
         * @return true if this is polygon has no inner polygons; false otherwise.
         */
        public boolean hasNoInnerPolygons() {
                return innerPolygons == null || innerPolygons.size() == 0;
        }

        @Override
        public double calculatePerimeter() {
                final Point2d p1 = points.get(0);
                float p1x = p1.getX();
                float p1y = p1.getY();

                Point2d p2 = points.get(points.size() - 1);
                float p2x = p2.getX();
                float p2y = p2.getY();

                double peri = Line2d.distance(p1x, p1y, p2x, p2y);
                for (int i = 1; i < this.points.size(); i++) {
                        p2 = points.get(i);
                        p2x = p2.getX();
                        p2y = p2.getY();
                        peri += Line2d.distance(p1x, p1y, p2x, p2y);
                        p1x = p2x;
                        p1y = p2y;
                }

                return peri;
        }

        /**
         * Test (outer) polygon path direction
         *
         * @return true is the outer path direction is clockwise w.r.t OpenIMAJ
         *         coordinate system
         */
        public boolean isClockwise() {
                double signedArea = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < this.points.size() - 1; i++) {
                        final float x1 = points.get(i).getX();
                        final float y1 = points.get(i).getY();
                        final float x2 = points.get(i + 1).getX();
                        final float y2 = points.get(i + 1).getY();

                        signedArea += (x1 * y2 - x2 * y1);
                }

                final float x1 = points.get(points.size() - 1).getX();
                final float y1 = points.get(points.size() - 1).getY();
                final float x2 = points.get(0).getX();
                final float y2 = points.get(0).getY();
                signedArea += (x1 * y2 - x2 * y1);

                return signedArea >= 0;
        }

        /**
         * Calculate convex hull using Melkman's algorithm. This is faster than the
         * {@link #calculateConvexHull()} method, but will only work for simple
         * polygons (those that don't self-intersect)
         * <p>
         * Based on http://softsurfer.com/Archive/algorithm_0203/algorithm_0203.htm,
         * but modified (fixed) to deal with the problem of the initialisation
         * points potentially being co-linear.
         * <p>
         * Copyright 2001, softSurfer (www.softsurfer.com) This code may be freely
         * used and modified for any purpose providing that this copyright notice is
         * included with it. SoftSurfer makes no warranty for this code, and cannot
         * be held liable for any real or imagined damage resulting from its use.
         * Users of this code must verify correctness for their application.
         *
         * @return A polygon defining the shape of the convex hull
         */
        public Polygon calculateConvexHullMelkman() {
                if (this.points.size() <= 3)
                        return new Polygon(this.points);

                final int n = this.points.size();
                int i = 1;
                while (i + 1 < n && isLeft(points.get(0), points.get(i), points.get(i + 1)) == 0)
                        i++;

                if (n - i <= 3)
                        return new Polygon(this.points);

                // initialize a deque D[] from bottom to top so that the
                // 1st three vertices of V[] are a counterclockwise triangle
                final Point2d[] D = new Point2d[2 * n + 1];
                int bot = n - 2, top = bot + 3; // initial bottom and top deque indices
                D[bot] = D[top] = points.get(i + 1); // 3rd vertex is at both bot and
                // top
                if (isLeft(points.get(0), points.get(i), points.get(i + 1)) > 0) {
                        D[bot + 1] = points.get(0);
                        D[bot + 2] = points.get(i); // ccw vertices are: 2,0,1,2
                } else {
                        D[bot + 1] = points.get(i);
                        D[bot + 2] = points.get(0); // ccw vertices are: 2,1,0,2
                }

                i += 2;

                // compute the hull on the deque D[]
                for (; i < n; i++) { // process the rest of vertices
                        // test if next vertex is inside the deque hull
                        if ((isLeft(D[bot], D[bot + 1], points.get(i)) > 0) &&
                                        (isLeft(D[top - 1], D[top], points.get(i)) > 0))
                                continue; // skip an interior vertex

                        // incrementally add an exterior vertex to the deque hull
                        // get the rightmost tangent at the deque bot
                        while (isLeft(D[bot], D[bot + 1], points.get(i)) <= 0)
                                ++bot; // remove bot of deque
                        D[--bot] = points.get(i); // insert V[i] at bot of deque

                        // get the leftmost tangent at the deque top
                        while (isLeft(D[top - 1], D[top], points.get(i)) <= 0)
                                --top; // pop top of deque
                        D[++top] = points.get(i); // push V[i] onto top of deque
                }

                // transcribe deque D[] to the output hull array H[]
                final Polygon H = new Polygon();
                final List<Point2d> vertices = H.getVertices();
                for (int h = 0; h <= (top - bot); h++)
                        vertices.add(D[bot + h]);

                return H;
        }

        private float isLeft(Point2d P0, Point2d P1, Point2d P2) {
                return (P1.getX() - P0.getX()) * (P2.getY() - P0.getY()) - (P2.getX() -
                                P0.getX()) * (P1.getY() - P0.getY());
        }

        /**
         * Compute the minimum size rotated bounding rectangle that contains this
         * shape using the rotating calipers approach.
         *
         * @see org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.Shape#minimumBoundingRectangle()
         * @see RotatingCalipers#getMinimumBoundingRectangle(Polygon, boolean)
         */
        @Override
        public RotatedRectangle minimumBoundingRectangle() {
                return RotatingCalipers.getMinimumBoundingRectangle(this, false);
        }

        /**
         * Compute the minimum size rotated bounding rectangle that contains this
         * shape using the rotating calipers approach.
         *
         * @see RotatingCalipers#getMinimumBoundingRectangle(Polygon, boolean)
         *
         * @param assumeSimple
         *            can the algorithm assume the polygon is simple and use an
         *            optimised (Melkman's) convex hull?
         *
         * @return the minimum bounding box
         */
        public RotatedRectangle minimumBoundingRectangle(boolean assumeSimple) {
                return RotatingCalipers.getMinimumBoundingRectangle(this, assumeSimple);
        }

        /**
         * Find the closest point on the polygon to the given point
         *
         * @param pt
         *            the point
         * @return the closest point
         */
        public Point2d closestPoint(Point2d pt) {
                final boolean closed = isClosed();

                if (!closed)
                        close();

                final float x = pt.getX();
                final float y = pt.getY();
                float minDist = Float.MAX_VALUE;
                final Point2dImpl min = new Point2dImpl();
                final Point2dImpl tpt = new Point2dImpl();

                for (int k = 0; k < points.size() - 1; k++) {
                        final float vx = points.get(k).getX();
                        final float vy = points.get(k).getY();
                        final float wx = points.get(k + 1).getX();
                        final float wy = points.get(k + 1).getY();

                        // Return minimum distance between line segment vw and point p
                        final float l2 = (wx - vx) * (wx - vx) + (wy - vy) * (wy - vy);

                        if (l2 == 0.0) {
                                tpt.x = vx;
                                tpt.y = vy;
                        } else {
                                final float t = ((x - vx) * (wx - vx) + (y - vy) * (wy - vy)) / l2;

                                if (t < 0.0) {
                                        tpt.x = vx;
                                        tpt.y = vy;
                                } else if (t > 1.0) {
                                        tpt.x = wx;
                                        tpt.y = wy;
                                } else {
                                        tpt.x = vx + t * (wx - vx);
                                        tpt.y = vy + t * (wy - vy);
                                }
                        }

                        final float dist = (float) Line2d.distance(x, y, tpt.x, tpt.y);
                        if (dist < minDist) {
                                minDist = dist;
                                min.x = tpt.x;
                                min.y = tpt.y;
                        }
                }

                if (!closed)
                        open();

                return min;
        }
}